Sankey diagram summarizing the ICSI results in the patient cohort. From left to right the percentage of patients with or without embryo transfer, clinical and biochemical pregnancies, no pregnancy as well as live birth or no live birth are depicted for each cluster of patients (Cluster 1 (teal), Cluster 2 (orange), Cluster 3 (purple)). Numbers represent the percentage of patients in each category. Absolute numbers are shown in Supplementary Table S4.

Sankey diagram summarizing the ICSI results in the patient cohort. From left to right the percentage of patients with or without embryo transfer, clinical and biochemical pregnancies, no pregnancy as well as live birth or no live birth are depicted for each cluster of patients (Cluster 1 (teal), Cluster 2 (orange), Cluster 3 (purple)). Numbers represent the percentage of patients in each category. Absolute numbers are shown in Supplementary Table S4.

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STUDY QUESTION Are there subgroups among patients with cryptozoospermia pointing to distinct etiologies? SUMMARY ANSWER We reveal two distinct subgroups of cryptozoospermic (Crypto) patients based on testicular tissue composition, testicular volume, and FSH levels. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Cryptozoospermic patients present with a sperm concentration...

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... evaluate whether the three groups had different outcomes with regard to MAR treatment, we analyzed the ICSI results of 160 patients included in our study (n ¼ 88 Cluster 1, n ¼ 33 Cluster 2, n ¼ 39 Cluster 3). Interestingly, the three groups showed comparable percentages of embryo transfers, biochemical and clinical pregnancies, and live births (Fig. 5, Supplementary Table ...