Fig 3 - uploaded by Apostolos Sarris
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Samples of cartographic syntheses available from the web-GIS of the Archaeological Atlas of Crete. Images show the Chania region, red dots represent archaeologi - cal sites. a) Landsat Image, b) population per municipal - ity, c) hillshading and agricultural fire frequency, d) soil depth, e) soil erosion, f) DEM, g) unified geological map, h) land use types.
Citations
... Because CRM is a business, emphasis is often on the bottom line; the basics must be covered, leaving any extended analysis or scholarly publication to be achieved only if there is budgetary excess or if employees can work on their own time (Lipe, 2009). Where more creative applications of GIS are applied in CRM, they are typically applied in either digital data collection/dissemination (e.g., Sarris et al., 2008;Tripcevich, 2004), or in predictive modeling (e.g., Johnstone, 2003;Mather and Watts, 1998;Mehrer, 2002). ...
Geographic information systems (GIS) has been used in archaeology for four decades, and colloquially appears to have become a main tool in the geospatial aspects of archaeological practice. In this paper, we examine temporal trends in the use and/or mention of GIS in archaeological publications (books and journal articles), conference presentations, and websites. We gathered data through keyword searches and with formal sampling surveys and conducted both quantitative and qualitative analyses to characterize the changing nature and intensity of GIS use in archaeology over time, and then contextualize these trends with a narrative history of archaeological GIS. We show how archaeological GIS-use has grown from a few early adopters of the 1980s, through a slow initial integration phase in the 1990s, to a set of two major expansions in the 2000s and 2010s. While we find that applied use of GIS has grown to the point where it can be considered ubiquitous—if not completely universal—in the discipline, we also discovered that the major focus in archaeological GIS advancement is methodological rather than theoretical. We identify five roadblocks that we believe have hampered the development of a theory-rich archaeological GIS: (1) deficiencies in the archaeological GIS education model, (2) over-reliance on commercial software, (3) technical/technological barriers, (4) gaps in acceptance of GIS, and (5) the perception of GIS as “just a tool.” We offer initial suggestions for ways forward to mitigate the effects of these roadblocks and build a more robust, theoretically sophisticated relationship with GIS in archaeology.
... Furthermore, some preset tools allow the user to take measurements and sections from the 3D model for research needs (Figure 3). A small map (displayed on top left of the screen as OpenLayers image, Schaub, 2016) shows also the exact location of the artefacts in the city so that interested audience can decide to pay a visit to better appreciate details. , each 3D model is linked to a web-GIS of archaeological sites of Crete (result of DigitalCrete projects by the hosting institution, see Sarris et al., 2008) so that historical and archaeological information (Figure 4) can be visualized as complement of the digital model. In this way, all the presented 3D model can be explored, measured, sectioned, visualized from different angles and comparison can be undertaken between their laser scanning and photogrammetric representation (when both available) with ease. ...
Archaeology is by its nature strictly connected with the physical landscape and as such it explores the inter-relations of individuals with places in which they leave and the nature that surrounds them. Since its earliest stages, archaeology demonstrated its permeability to scientific methods and innovative techniques or technologies. Archaeologists were indeed between the first to adopt GIS platforms (since already almost three decades) on large scale and are now between the most demanding customers for emerging technologies such as digital photogrammetry and drone-aided aerial photography.
This paper aims at presenting case studies where the “3D approach” can be critically analysed and compared with more traditional means of documentation. Spot-light is directed towards the benefits of a specifically designed platform for user to access the 3D point-clouds and explore their characteristics. Beside simple measuring and editing tools, models are presented in their actual context and location, with historical and archaeological information provided on the side. As final step of a parallel project on geo-referencing and making available a large archive of aerial photographs, 3D models derived from photogrammetric processing of images have been uploaded and linked to photo-footprints polygons. Of great importance in such context is the possibility to interchange the point-cloud colours with satellite imagery from OpenLayers. This approach makes it possible to explore different landscape configurations due to time-changes with simple clicks.
In these cases, photogrammetry or 3D laser scanning replaced, sided or integrated legacy documentation, creating at once a new set of information for forthcoming research and ideally new discoveries.
... In order to compare the different factors and their relative importance, the AHP (analytic hierarchy process) was used. In this methodology, the weight can be defined using the eigen-vectors of a square reciprocal matrix of pair-wise comparisons between the different factors (Saaty 1980; Dijkstra 2012). Thus, comparison of all possible pairs is accomplished by assigning a specific grade to each pair from 1/9 when the factor is ''extremely less important'' related to the other factor, to 9 for ''extremely more important'' cases (Table 4). ...
The assessment of the optimum landfill sitting requires multiple environmental data organized in a proper and efficient way to be effectively processed. Geographical information systems define an ideal tool for handling vast amounts of such kind of information combining multiple heterogeneous spatiotemporal data. Additionally, archive satellite remote sensing images set an ancillary approach to effective environmental monitoring of land surface within the areas of already established landfills and their surroundings (e.g. for calculation of crucial parameters such as vegetation indices). In this study, 17 environmental and anthropogenic factors were used to identify the most suitable sites for optimum landfill sitting in the western part of the island of Crete-Greece. The method used for the evaluation of all different factors is the analytical hierarchy process enhanced with fuzzy logic techniques. The results were compared with the already established landfills (legal/controlled and illegal/non-controlled) in the area of Chania prefecture and the results demonstrated that 75 % of the already (legal or illegal) established landfills of the prefecture are situated in extremely inappropriate areas from environmental point of view.
The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allow producing, analyzing, and managing geo-referenced data. The development and popularization of information technologies (ICT) make possible the democratization of
technology. This article discusses Geographic Information disseminated on the Web applied to Cultural Heritage, with examples and suggestions for classification as to content and technology on projects that builds heritage’s documentation.
