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Sample sites along the invasion stages of E. adenophorum. MJ, Mojiang county; JJ, Jiujing town; MH, Monghai county; DS, Dashan town; ML, Malu town; SH, Shuhe town; CJ, Chengjiang county; DL, Dali municipality; BC, Bingchuan county; YB, Yanbian county; MY, Miyi county; KM, Kunming city; QL, Qinglong county; DC, Dechang county; XD, Xide county, CX, Chengxian town; MN, Mianning county; YB, Yibing municipality; LZ, Luzhou municipality; CQ, Chongqing city; CN, Changnan county.
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Exotic plants can compete well with native species because many invasive species are considered better nutrient users in both low‐ and high‐resource environments. However, whether invasive plants can outperform native plants at all stages of invasion is not very clear. We investigated the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and N:P homeostasis of an invas...
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... July to August in 2014, we selected 21 communities invaded by E. adenophorum ( Fig. 1). All environmental conditions of the study sites were very similar because they were located in the same climatic zone in China (Table S1). Furthermore, most of the study sites were located in undisturbed hills at high altitude except the four study sites in the 2000s stage on the banks of the Yangtze River. The study area forest ...
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... the N-limited growth in this region, the ratio values for plant tissue N:P in the two target species indicate that both plants are restricted by N based on the use of threshold ratios of plant tissue N:P to predict N or P limitation (G€ usewell, 2004). The plant tissue N:P ratio of invasive E. adenophorum (9.94) is higher than that of native A. argyi (7.07), which demonstrates that the native A. argyi is more constrained by N, in accordance with lower H N in native A. argyi (Yu et al., 2010). The fact that the plant tissue N and P values in native A. argyi are higher than those of invasive E. adenophorum does not imply that invasive E. adenophorum are more limited by N and P because these parameters are species-specific (Hood & Sterner, 2014). ...
Context 3
... July to August in 2014, we selected 21 communities invaded by E. adenophorum ( Fig. 1). All environmental conditions of the study sites were very similar because they were located in the same climatic zone in China (Table S1). Furthermore, most of the study sites were located in undisturbed hills at high altitude except the four study sites in the 2000s stage on the banks of the Yangtze River. The study area forest ...
Context 4
... the N-limited growth in this region, the ratio values for plant tissue N:P in the two target species indicate that both plants are restricted by N based on the use of threshold ratios of plant tissue N:P to predict N or P limitation (G€ usewell, 2004). The plant tissue N:P ratio of invasive E. adenophorum (9.94) is higher than that of native A. argyi (7.07), which demonstrates that the native A. argyi is more constrained by N, in accordance with lower H N in native A. argyi (Yu et al., 2010). The fact that the plant tissue N and P values in native A. argyi are higher than those of invasive E. adenophorum does not imply that invasive E. adenophorum are more limited by N and P because these parameters are species-specific (Hood & Sterner, 2014). ...
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Citations
... The difference in Bacillus diversity between A. artemisiifolia and S. viridis further indicates that different functional traits play great roles in shaping microbial community of rhizosphere soil. Besides, increasing evidences show that invasiveness of the invasive species is associated with significant changes in the plant-soil elemental composition and stoichiometry (Gonzaĺez et al., 2010;Wu et al., 2019). One of the invasion hypotheses proposes that changes in the soil microbial communities caused by invasive plants can result in positive plant-soil feedback by accumulating beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere (Inderjit and Cahill, 2015). ...
Bacillus can help plants to acquire nutrients either directly or indirectly. However, the role of Bacillus community on the competitive growth of invasive Ambrosia artemisiifolia is poorly understood. Native Setaria viridis is often found in areas that have been invaded by A. artemisiifolia. We sought to determine whether the quantitative and/or qualitative differences in the Bacillus community present on the invasive A. artemisiifolia and native S.viridis provide a competitive advantage to the invasive over native species. A field experiment was established to imitate the invasion of A. artemisiifolia. The 16S rRNA gene was commercially sequenced to identify the bacilli isolated from the rhizosphere soil of field-grown A. artemisiifolia and S. viridis. The Bacillus communities in their rhizosphere were compared, and their effects on the competitive growth of A. artemisiifolia and S. viridis were tested in the pot experiments. Bacillus in the rhizosphere soil of A. artemisiifolia significantly enhanced its intra-specific competitive ability. The relative abundance of B. megaterium in the rhizosphere soil of A. artemisiifolia was significantly higher than that of S. viridis. Inoculation with B. megaterium that was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of both A. artemisiifolia and S. viridis significantly enhanced the relative competitiveness of A. artemisiifolia and inhibited that of S. viridis. The higher abundance of B. megaterium in the rhizosphere of A. artemisiifolia creates higher levels of available nutrients than that in the native S. viridis, which enhance the competitive growth of A. artemisiifolia. The result helps to discover the mechanism of Bacillus community in the invasion of A. artemisiifolia.
... In June 2012, the soils were sampled from three different sites, invaded by A. adenophora for more than 40 years in Chengjiang County, Yuxi City [28]: a low land (24 • 55 ′ 33 ′′ N, 102 • 57 ′ 57 ′′ E, 1920 m a.s.l), a hillside (24 • 56 ′ 41 ′′ N, 102 • 56 ′ 39 ′′ E, 1944 m a.s.l) and a road side (24 • 50 ′ 5 ′′ N, 103 • 3 ′ 7 ′′ E, 1995 m a.s.l). At each site, based on the regimes of A. adenophora, four subcommunities were identified located at least 2000 m apart: a subcommunity with dominance of A. adenophora (Invaded), a subcommunity with A. adenophora and native species (Mixed), a subcommunity with only native species (Native) and a subcommunity with no plants (Bare). ...
Plant invasive success is attributed to invaders’ ecological advantages over their native neighbors. However, increasing evidence suggests that these advantages are expected to attenuate over time because of natural enemy accumulation, ecological evolution of native species and autotoxicity. We determined how an invasive Ageratina adenophora could remain its competitive advantages over time by avoiding its autotoxicity. Our results highlighted that the autotoxicity of A. adenophora in its invaded soil was reduced by some microbes. Moreover, an autotoxic allelochemical, 2-coumaric acid glucoside, detected in the invaded soil, demonstrated distinctly autotoxic effects on its seed germination and seedling growth. However, the autotoxic effects were greatly alleviated by a bacterium Bacillus cereus, accumulated by A. adenophora. Furthermore, the allelochemical could be almost completely degraded by B. cereus within 96 h. Accordingly, we speculate that A. adenophora could aggregate B. cereus to release its autotoxicity maintaining its competitive advantages over time.
Ecological stoichiometry is a discipline that uses the basic principles of physics, chemistry, and biology to reveal the nature of biological phenomena at different scales, such as molecular, cell, organism, population, ecosystem, and global scales, in the field of life sciences from the perspective of the balance of energy and elements, primarily carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), in life systems. During the long process of evolution, organisms have formed their own unique chemical element composition and stoichiometry, maintaining relatively stable chemical compositions. Therefore, an organism is an internally stable system. Another important theoretical growth rate hypothesis is ecostoichiometry. According to this hypothesis, the growth rate of organisms is related to the nitrogen and phosphorus content in organisms, the latter of which is an important component of nucleic acid. The carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus ratios of different components can be used as a diagnostic and effective predictive index for nutrient limitation as well as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus saturation. At present, ecostoichiometry has been widely used in the determination of restrictive elements, forest succession and decline, and biological invasion, and many results have been achieved. With the development, the theory of ecostoichiometry has been enriched and developed. As a result, the expansion phenomenon of moso bamboo has attracted the attention of the majority of researchers. Ecostoichiometry research can not only enrich and develop the data and information in this field but also have important significance for how to prevent and control the expansion of moso bamboo and protect the invaded ecosystems.
Ageratina adenophora has invaded many subtropical and tropical countries and caused tremendous ecological and economic losses. This necessitates a new way to use the debris left after clearing this plant. Therefore, the allelochemicals in fresh and aerobically composted A. adenophora plants (FA and CA, respectively) were compared, and their allelopathy against maize was evaluated. The results showed that CA decreased the allelochemicals (6-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-3,8-dimethyl-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-2(1H)-one and 4,7-dimethyl-1-(propan-2-ylidene)-1,4,4a,8a-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6(1H, 7H)-dione) by over 95% compared to FA. In a seed germination test, CA aqueous solutions improved the seed germination and seedling growth, whereas FA solutions led to opposite results. Chemical fertilizers (CF) plus FA resulted in much lower plant biomass and nutrient uptake than CF in a greenhouse experiment. Compared with CF, CF+CA showed positive effects on maize, soil microbial biomass and diversity and enzyme activities in the field. However, the compositions of the predominant microbes were almost unaffected by the application of CA and CF+CA. These significant findings extended our knowledge regarding the elimination of A. adenophora toxicity against other plants and soil microbes through allelochemical degradation in the composting process. In situ aerobic composting provides a new, simple and economical method to convert A. adenophora into a plant- and soil-friendly organic fertilizer.
•In many areas invaded by Ageratina adenophora, the piles of A. adenophora residue need to be safely treated and economically utilized. To explore a new potential use for these residues, on-site aerobic composting, seed germination test and greenhouse experiment were conducted to compare the phytotoxic allelochemicals in uncomposted and composted A. adenophora plants (UA and CA, respectively) and their influence on ryegrass seed germination and seedling growth. The phytotoxicants 4,7-dimethyl-1-(propan-2-ylidene)-1,4,4a,8a-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6(1H,7H)-dione (DTD) and 6-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-3,8-dimethyl-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-2(1 H)-one (HHO) in UA decreased by 10.09 and 11.01 times in CA on average, respectively. Aqueous extracts of CA increased the seed germination rate, root dehydrogenase activity, leaf chlorophyll content and nitrate reductase activity; those of UA behaved oppositely. Compared with chemical fertilizers (CF), CF + CA promoted plant growth, increased plant nutrient uptake, and resulted in higher soil available nutrients, enzyme activity and microbial biodiversity, whereas CA alone had similar or better influences on plants and soils than CF. The predominant bacterial and fungal composition was the same in the soils supplied with CA and CF + CA. Therefore, on-site aerobic composting eliminated the phytotoxicity of CA and provided a new, simple and economical approach for the potential use of A. adenophora biomass as a plant- and soil-friendly organic fertilizer.
