Table 1 - uploaded by Jorge E Gómez
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
This article provides an overview of common upper extremity injuries in youth sports, including injuries to the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. Pain in the shoulder and elbow is common among youngsters who participate in throwing sports, raquet sports, and swimming, while wrist pain is common among young gymnasts. Acute trauma to the shoulder and elbow...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... anti- inflammatory medications may help with pain relief and may allow the patient to tolerate strengthening exercises sooner. Throwers should follow a progressive throwing program ( Table 1) that gradually reintroduces the demands of throwing. A similar gradual return should be required of racquet sport athletes and swimmers. ...
Context 2
... also may be used. As pain subsides, the patient is started on exercises to strengthen the wrist flexors and may begin a progressive throwing program as tolerated (Table 1). The patient may resume regular practice and games after completing a progressive throwing program without recurrence of pain. ...
Citations
... e risk of injury is exacerbated when the arm is placed in an overhead or outstretched position [4,5]. Common injuries include acute and repetitive muscle/tendon strains or tears and ligament sprains or ruptures; rotator cuff-related disorders; labral pathology; acromioclavicular joint separation; dislocation of the humerus from the glenohumeral joint; fractures of the clavicle, humerus, or scapula; bruising; generalized and/or complex pain syndromes; and tendinopathies [5][6][7]. Shoulder injuries may vary in severity and lead to time-loss from sport and functional disability immediately or later in life. Beyond time-loss from sport-specific training and competition activities, acute and chronic shoulder injuries are characterized by experiences of pain, weakness and/or instability with reaching, pushing, or pulling movements during day-to-day activities [8], and interrupted sleep due to night pain [9]. ...
Background. Youth around the globe place their shoulders at risk for injury when participating in sports. Shoulder injuries may vary in severity, produce the potential for time-loss from sport, and result in functional disability. We sought to explore sport-related shoulder injuries in youth by identifying injury rates, risk factors, injury mechanisms, and injury prevention strategies. Methods. All relevant full-text articles were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sport Discus, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry. No date restrictions were used. All full-text studies reporting original research describing sport-related shoulder injury among female and/or male youth from 5 to 18 years old were included. Results. Of 3,889 studies screened, 97 described shoulder injury in youth sports. Shoulder injuries were identified in 24 unique sports. The median seasonal prevalence of shoulder injury was 10.9% (range 1.2–28.2%). The most common injury mechanisms identified were contacted with another player, contact with the playing environment, and falling to the ground. Risk factors for shoulder injury identified were side-to-side strength imbalances, weak external rotator muscles, and scapular dyskinesia. One study evaluated a successful training strategy to prevent shoulder injuries, but two other interventions demonstrated no effect. Conclusions. Sport-related shoulder injuries are prevalent among youth athletes. Injury risk factors identified included modifiable intrinsic factors such as strength, range of motion, and training load. The most common injury mechanism was direct contact with either another person or an object in the playing environment. Innovative shoulder-specific strategies are needed to reduce shoulder injuries in this population. Trial Registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42020189142.
... Without treatment, athletes are at risk for progression to premature closure of the physis and a resultant discrepancy between the length of the radius and ulna [75,80]. Clinically, this can be seen as deviation of the hand toward the radial side. ...
Purpose of Review
The aim of this study is to review the most recent literature on common upper extremity injuries in pediatric athletes and discuss their diagnosis, management, and outcomes. We also highlight ultrasound as a tool in their evaluation.
Recent Findings
Shoulder conditions presented include little league shoulder, glenohumeral rotation deficit, acute traumatic shoulder dislocation, and multidirectional shoulder instability. Elbow conditions include capitellar OCD, medial epicondyle avulsion fracture, and medial epicondylitis. We also review scaphoid fractures and gymnast wrist. Not all physeal injuries lead to long-term growth disruption. Ultrasound has been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of scaphoid fracture, medial epicondyle avulsion fractures, and capitellar OCD. It can also be helpful in assessing risk for shoulder and elbow injuries in overhead athletes.
Summary
There is a rising burden of upper extremity injuries among pediatric athletes. Knowledge of their sport specific mechanics can be helpful in diagnosis. As long-term outcome data become available for these conditions, it is clear, proper diagnosis and management are critical to preventing adverse outcomes. We highlight many of these injuries, best practice in care, and controversies in care in hopes of improving outcomes and preventing injury for pediatric athletes.
... Competitive swimming has long been associated with shoulder pain,[12] as 90% of the propulsion comes from the upper extremity.[3] In addition, competitive swimmers usually train 6 to 7 days per week, 2 workouts per day, with yardage around 12,000–16,000 yards daily.[4] ...
To established an association between shoulder pain and the stroke specialization among NCAA men swimmers.
All members of the top 25 NCAA men's swim teams were invited to complete the survey. Eleven teams with a total of 187 participants completed the study survey. The teams were mailed surveys that included multiple choice questions regarding their primary stroke and their incidence of shoulder pain. Additionally, the survey included questions about risk factors including distance trained, type of equipment, weight training, and stretching.
The analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the rates of shoulder pain among the four strokes and individual medley specialists. The other risk factors did not show a significant correlation with shoulder pain.
This study found no significant correlation between stroke specialty and shoulder pain in male collegiate swimmers.
Level 3.
Descriptive epidemiology study.
... An anterioposterior and lateral view X-ray is the standard modality for diagnosing such an injury. The presence of joint effusion in an acutely injured paediatric elbow should be considered evidence of fracture until proved otherwise [6]. MRI is known as the golden standard in diagnosing soft tissue injuries in adults, and it should be considered as a diagnostic modality in children and adolescents trauma as well [7]. ...
... The amount of epidemiological data concerning the incidence of injury in youth sports participation is increasing. 1,3,14,85,91,[125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144] The injuries sustained by the participants vary in severity, from relatively minor to catastrophic. 3,14,135,139 It is important to remember that secondary school-age athletes are not miniature adults 124 and are susceptible to injuries that are specific to their age and level of physical maturity, presenting special challenges with respect to their participation in athletic activities. ...
Communication The individuals below contributed to conception and design; analysis and interpretation of the data; drafting, critical revision, and final approval of the manuscript.
... yafl erkeklerde 14.4; k›zlarda 15.2) 222 stres k›r›¤› de¤erlendirilmifltir. [24] En s›k karfl›lafl›lan k›r›k, tibia stres k›r›¤› olarak belirlenmifl; k›r›klar›n en s›k gö-rüldü¤ü spor dal› basketbol olarak bildirilmifltir. 29 Ergen. Çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde spor yaralanmalar›n›n nedenleri, epidemiyolojisi, risk faktörleri Çocuklarda görülen ve bedenin afl›r› kullan›m›na ba¤l› olarak ortaya ç›kan kronik yaralanmalar›n engellenmesi için, dokulara binen yüklerin incelenmesi, afl›r› yük getiren pozisyonlar›n saptanmas› ve koruyucu malzemelerin etkinli¤ini bulmaya yönelik olarak çeflitli biyomekanik araflt›rmalar planlanm a k t a d › r. [ 2 5 ] ...
Growing participation of children in sports has resulted in an increased incidence of sports injuries. Although methodological differences in epidemiologic studies largely prevent precise comparisons, it appears that young athletes participating in combat and contact sports seem to be more prone to injuries. Knee and ankle injuries are the most commonly encountered problems and chronic events are more prevalent than acute ones. The occurrence of athletic injuries is multifactorial and may present differences with respect to sex and the sports branch involved. An analytical approach of all relevant groups (parents, coaches, physical education teachers, health personnel) is necessary to understand, treat, and prevent athletic injuries in children.
... This condition typically occurs in throwers. 16 The symptoms of effort-induced thrombosis are those of vascular obstruction in the upper extremity, and include swelling, aching pain, paresthesia, and numbness in the distal arm. If chest symptoms occur, then pulmonary embolism should be considered. ...
This is a 5-year-old boy who fell off a trampoline and injured his left elbow. Radiographs, including stress views, were negative for fracture or effusion (not shown).
