Figure - uploaded by Jennifer Holland
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
This paper investigates aspects of cruising of most concern to Australian consumers during the COVID-19 pandemic, following the shutdown of cruising globally. Using a mixed-method approach, the study asked cruisers and non-cruisers which of the risks associated with cruising were of most concern. The study found health was the most concerning risk...
Context in source publication
Similar publications
This paper analyzes an incentive contract for new vaccine research and development (R&D) under pandemic situations such as COVID-19, considering the R&D contract’s adaptability to the pandemic. We study how the public sector (government) designs the adaptive R&D contract and offers it to pharmaceutical enterprises. An agency-theoretic model is empl...
Citations
... Risk perception, as a psychological factor that explains the motivation of individual behaviors, has been widely accepted and applied [22,23]. Risk perception has been incorporated into the TPB model to increase its explanatory power. ...
Air pollution is a critical global issue affecting sustainable development, and effectively addressing air pollution requires consumers to improve air quality through daily pro-environmental behaviors. This study aims to explore the influence mechanisms of multidimensional risk perception variables on consumers’ pro-environmental behaviors. It introduces risk effect, risk controllability, risk trust, and risk acceptability and incorporates multidimensional risk perception variables into the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model. The results of the structural equation model indicate that risk effect, risk trust, and risk acceptability of air pollution significantly influence pro-environmental behaviors through behavioral intentions. Moreover, the risk effect, risk trust, and risk acceptability of air pollution significantly influence consumers’ pro-environmental behaviors through the chain-mediating effect of attitudes and behavioral intentions. The risk controllability does not affect consumers’ behavioral intentions or pro-environmental behaviors. Through the integration of multidimensional risk perception and the validation of the behavioral intention–behavior gap, this study provides new perspectives for research related to consumer pro-environmental behavior. It also provides references for the government to communicate with consumers about risks, solve air pollution problems, and achieve sustainable development.
... By understanding these segments, the tourism industry can tailor their marketing strategies, communication efforts, and service offerings to target each segment's specific needs and concerns effectively. Some s egments may be more riskaverse and prioritise safety protocols, while others may be more open to travel but require additional reassurance (Tapsall et al., 2022). From there, the tourism industry can design different tours to meet the needs of customers. ...
Perceived risk refers to tourists' objective assessment of the negative consequences associated with travel. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted all areas of human activity, influencing personal behavior and organizational practices. In post-COVID-19, travellers' perceptions of disease risk and behaviour have evolved. This study aimed to evaluate tourists' risk perceptions while travelling, categorizing them into distinct groups to identify differences among them. The research uses a mixed-method approach with validated surveys to measure travelers' risk perceptions via Likert scales. Data was collected from representative samples at destinations. K-means clustering identifies distinct segments, with the optimal number of clusters determined using the Elbow Method. Using cluster analysis, tourists were divided into three groups: Cluster 1 (32.18%), Cluster 2 (16.56%), and Cluster 3 (51.26%). The perceived risks were ranked in descending order as safety and hygiene risks, health risks, time risks, and emergency response support concerns. The analysis highlights that tourists prioritize safety, hygiene, health risks, and time risks when considering future travel, emphasizing the need for improved safety measures and effective tourism marketing strategies to restore traveler confidence. This study offers original insights through cluster analysis, showcasing the diverse risk perceptions among different social clusters and customer segmentation.
... qualitative study on Australian attitudes to cruising was the disincentive of perceived increased financial and time costs from the risk of lockdowns or quarantine onboard. 13 As our focus is on the risk of COVID-19 to the often medically vulnerable passenger cohort and their community exposures post disembarkation, we have limited our analysis to passengers. However, we acknowledge COVID-19 outbreaks also impact crew, who may be a source of passenger infection. ...
Objectives:
To describe the impact of universal screening for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on passengers on cruise ships docking in Sydney, Australia, during 2022 that experienced a significant outbreak of COVID-19. Type of program or service: Cruise ship disease surveillance Methods: Case series, based on analysis of cruise ship voyages where universal screening of passengers was requested by a NSW health authority and undertaken by the cruise ship.
Results:
Of 111 voyages in 2022, three fit the definition for this study. Universal screening during these voyages resulted in the detection of up to 1.8 times the number of existing COVID-19 cases, increasing attack rates of the three voyages from 14% to 24%; 13% to 28%; and 3% to 8% respectively. Case demographics showed an even gender distribution, with a majority 70 years or older. Asymptomatic case percentage ranged from 2% to 54%, with age and gender not associated with symptomatic status. Almost all cases were reported as being fully vaccinated. Genomic testing of cases showed multiple lineages of COVID-19 circulating in all three voyages.
Lessons learnt:
Public health authorities, the cruise industry and passengers should be aware that a large number of unidentified cases of COVID-19 may disembark from a cruise ship that has experienced a large outbreak of the virus. These cases can seed the infection into vulnerable communities. Universal screening as part of the response to a significant outbreak will help identify cases and limit the spread of COVID-19.
... For example, consumers can be worried that using drone delivery services would be more expensive than they expect [19]. Travelers also may be worried that cruise tours would involve unexpected extra expenses [53]. It can be interpreted that consumers are worried about the value of what they paid for a specific product/service. ...
Smart farm technology contributes to sustainable environmental protection, and so it is important to investigate consumer behavior in this regard. Therefore, this paper constructs a theoretical model focusing on the consumers of indoor smart farm restaurants. The theoretical framework integrates the theory of planned behavior and the perceived risk theory. The constructed framework is deepened by testing the moderating role of novelty seeking in the effects of perceived risks on attitudes. The results revealed that (1) psychological and quality risks negatively affect attitude, (2) subjective norm positively affects attitude, (3) attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control positively affect behavioral intentions, and (4) the moderating impact of novelty seeking was discovered in the relationship between psychological risk and attitude. This is the first investigation of the perceived risks of indoor smart farm restaurants, and this study empirically proved the moderating role of novelty seeking in the risk-taking behavior context. This study consequently contributes to advancing state-of-the-art methods and presents practical marketing recommendations.
... However, emotional risk, related to anxiety, stress, and discomfort, has the highest direct impact. This is in line with prior studies on COVID-19 in tourism that accentuate the role of psychological risks on consumer behavior (Han et al., 2020;Peco-Torres et al., 2021;Tapsall et al., 2022). Thus, our results provide further evidence of emotional risk being a good predictor of perceived threat during pandemics and it having a central role on self-protective behaviors (Vacondio et al., 2021). ...
From a provider perspective, co-creation has contributed to design more personalized, authentic and memorable destinations and experiences. However, the COVID-19 outbreak may have changed consumers' interest in high-contact and interactive activities, related to long-demonized behaviors (touching and close interplay). In a wine tourism context and based on a cost-benefit approach, the here proposed model explains consumers’ intentions to participate in high co-creation tourism activities (HCCTA) during and after the pandemic, contrasting perceived risks (costs) with expected enjoyment (benefit). Activity setting (indoor or outdoor) and two individual characteristics (age and fear of COVID-19) are analyzed as antecedents of physical risk perception. The “antecedents – costs-benefit – intentions” model was tested using PLS-SEM, with data extracted from scenario-based surveys (1299 responses) applied during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results show that perceived risks and expected enjoyment affect intentions to participate in HCCTA, while participation avoidance may be coming to an end with the alleviation of the pandemic. However, additional personal and external conditions may reinforce perceived risks. The study provides new insights regarding these dynamics for HCCTA, relevant to both theory and practice, particularly in times of health risk related to person-to-person interaction.
... In 2020, the Covid-19 outbreaks on cruise ships frequently resulted in passengers' sea quarantine, denial of entry, or mass infection, all of which seriously threatened passengers' physical and mental health. For example, the Diamond Princess incident that led to at least 14-day sea quarantines caused 712 infections, and the Ruby Princess incident resulted in 28 deaths and COVID-19 spread to the local community Tapsall et al., 2022). Similarly, cruise passengers are vulnerable to other infection outbreaks onboard, such as norovirus, H1N1, and Zika (Holland, 2020;Liu-Lastres et al., 2019). ...
... For example, Holland et al. (2022) classified health/physical, time/opportunity, social/psychological, financial, performance, and function risks in the cruise travel context. Health risks and psychological risks were the most concerning aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for people with limited cruise experiences (Tapsall et al., 2022). However, some scholars argued that risk perception should be researched at both personal and societal levels (Han et al., 2022;Tyler & Cook, 1984). ...
Social media is an important crisis communication channel, which can shape the public's risk perception and subsequently affect their attitudes, decisions, and behaviors. The significance of social-mediated crisis communication is further highlighted in times of a global pandemic, given people's increasing informational needs and reliance on social media. Guided by the Social Amplification of Risk Framework, this study explores the Chinese public's risk perception of cruise travel from a collective sensemaking perspective. This study used netnography to analyze 78,373 Weibo posts about cruise travel. The findings revealed the process of personal-level risk perceptions evolving into societal-level risk perceptions. The findings further demonstrated how the perceived risk of cruise travel was amplified by activating emotional contagion and public consensus. The role played by co-presence, social norms, and cultural values to amplify societal-level risk was highlighted. Finally, this study discusses the theoretical and managerial implications for managing public risk perception during pandemic times for cruise travel.
... The extent to which this disruption will be regarded as permanent or merely a temporary setback in the industry's performance hinges on the industry's ability to convince passengers and governments that cruising is a safe endeavor, particularly in terms of physical health. Convincing consumers, especially repeat cruisers, that the value of cruise ship travel outweighs the perceived risks associated with cruising will be crucial [42]. ...
The COVID-19 outbreak has had detrimental consequences on the cruise industry due to the suspension of commercial cruise trips, and these effects remain apparent in Saudi Arabia. The offered service quality (SQ) in the post-COVID-19 era seems to be a critical element for improving customer experiences and satisfaction, enhancing destination attractiveness, increasing revenue, and maintaining repeat business. The current study aimed to assess the impact of service quality on tourists’ satisfaction and corporate image as well as the intention to pay for cruise trips and revisit the destination among 315 tourists in Saudi Arabia. Service quality was measured using five subscales of the SERVQUAL scale, including reliability, tangibles, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Tourists’ satisfaction was significantly influenced by four domains of SQ, whereas the intention to pay more, intention to revisit the destination, and corporate image were significantly predicted by ≤3 domains of SQ. The study’s findings can help the cruise industry to improve its offerings and create more personalized and engaging experiences that meet the changing needs of customers in the recovery period after the COVID-19 outbreak.
... The reaction of tourists to COVID-19 includes various aspects of tourist behavior, which becomes an absorbing research problem for an increasing number of researchers and studies, e.g., [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The pandemic most likely also influenced the purchasing behavior of buyers of tourist packages. ...
Tourist decision-making has been heavily affected by the pandemic crisis, which increases the complexity of the tourism business operations and shakes the foundations of tourism sustainable development. Thus, studying and comprehension of tourists’ behaviors, including the purchasing decisions, and incorporating this knowledge into the strategies of tourism companies, has a key importance to the organizations’ survival during hard times. The article contains the characteristics of tourist behavior schemes related to decision-making in buying package holidays during COVID-19 crisis. The study was based on analysis of the results of a computer assisted web interview using the CAWI method, conducted among 1502 Poles using the classification tree method (the R statistical package and the RPART library). Research allowed us to identify the four purchase decision-making patterns and to describe four segments of holidaymakers’ buying according to these patterns. In the profiling process, nine demographic and social variables were used, including gender, age, education, residence, marital status, number of all household members, minor children in a household, assessment of own financial standing, and professional situation. The results of the analysis confirm the existence of a relationship between (1) the research online purchase offline behavior and the age, the number of children under 18 in the household, and the marital status of the package holidays buyers, (2) the research offline purchase online behavior and the age and the number of children up to 18 in the households of the buyers of tourist packages, (3) the research offline purchase offline behavior and the age, the number of children under 18 in the household, the assessment of the financial situation, and sex of the buyers of tourist packages, and (4) the research offline purchase online behavior and the age and assessment of financial situation of package holidays purchasers.
... As the major disruptor for cruise corporations recovering from the pandemic, guests' fear of infection on the cruise will result in heightened awareness when formulating their perceptions of cleanliness and safety (Holland et al., 2021a). The importance of safety in shaping guests' perceptions and the potential subconscious was evidenced by recent researchers (Tapsall et al., 2022). Previous studies also indicated that trust is critical in influencing people's decisions (e.g., Pop et al., 2022;Wei et al., 2021). ...
This study extended the theory of reasoned action (TRA) by including cruise involvement, safety protocols, and trust (stimulus-organism-response paradigm), and risk perception (the prospect theory), developing a theoretical framework to explore and compare Chinese repeat and potential guests' travel intentions, thus making great efforts to rebuilding consumer confidence and recover operation at this stage of the post-COVID-19. The results show that guests' intentions were positively influenced by their perceptions of safety protocols, trust, attitude, subjective norms, and cruise involvement, respectively. In contrast with previous studies, present results showed that perceived risk has a significant positive effect on the intention of both repeat guests and potential guests. Significant differences were detected between repeat and potential guests regarding safety protocols and subjective norms. The chi-square difference tests revealed the influence of cruise involvement was more positive for potential guests than for repeat guests. The findings provide an advanced guide helping academics and operators to understand underlying factors influencing guests' decision intentions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
... The available empirical evidence confirms that the perceived risk of visiting a destination has a negative effect on tourist behaviour, considering both global risk (Lepp and Gibson, 2008;Quintal et al., 2010) and specific risk dimensions (Hasan et al., 2017;Lebrun et al., 2022;Tapsall et al., 2022). However, there is no consensus in the academic literature about the risk dimensions to be analysed or their effects on tourist behaviour (Fuchs and Reichel, 2006), as these depend on the specific characteristics of the destination and contextual factors such as natural disasters, pandemics, or terrorist attacks (Björk and Kauppinen-Räisänen, 2012;Hasan et al., 2017;Zenker et al., 2021). ...
... In the specific context of a pandemic like COVID-19, it is reasonable to assume that tourists' intentions to visit a destination and recommend it to other people are affected by the risk associated with the place because of the health crisis (Lebrun et al., 2022;Pan et al., 2022;Villacé -Molinero et al., 2021). Moreover, this risk may have different facets (Jeong et al., 2022;Jiang et al., 2022;Tapsall et al., 2022) such that people may perceive not only that there is a risk to their health (physical risk) but also that the tourism experience will not be the same as in a normal situation (performance risk), or that they may have economic losses due to the pandemic (financial risk). There are also other possible associated risks (Jeong et al., 2022;Tapsall et al., 2022), such as the possibility of having to cancel the trip or stay in a lockdown at the destination (time risk), stress during the pre-visit and visit stages (psychological risk), or the social loss linked to travelling in such an uncertain context (social risk). ...
... Moreover, this risk may have different facets (Jeong et al., 2022;Jiang et al., 2022;Tapsall et al., 2022) such that people may perceive not only that there is a risk to their health (physical risk) but also that the tourism experience will not be the same as in a normal situation (performance risk), or that they may have economic losses due to the pandemic (financial risk). There are also other possible associated risks (Jeong et al., 2022;Tapsall et al., 2022), such as the possibility of having to cancel the trip or stay in a lockdown at the destination (time risk), stress during the pre-visit and visit stages (psychological risk), or the social loss linked to travelling in such an uncertain context (social risk). According to the evidence from previous research, and considering the dimensions of perceived risk of visiting a destination, as proposed by Boksberger and Craig-Smith (2006) and Björk and Table 1. ...
This paper examines how tourist behaviour is conditioned by the COVID-19 pandemic, developing a theoretical framework that considers not only traditional variables such as image, satisfaction, and variety seeking, but also the risks perceived during a pandemic to better explain loyalty towards a tourist destination. Moreover, the paper explores whether the effects of these variables differ in loyalty formation if people who consider visiting a destination in their country again are compared to people who contemplate travelling again to an international destination. Empirical evidence from a survey sample comprising more than 1000 Spanish tourists shows that pandemic-related risks differently influence the tourist loyalty dimensions intention to revisit and recommend both a national destination (441 respondents) and an international destination (600 respondents). Finally, affective image and satisfaction are the main drivers of loyalty in both subsamples.
