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2.2: Sales prices of wild-caught live-fish from fisherman to restaurant in US$1kg for large and small scale operations smnall scal operation large scale operation
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Indonesia's coral reefs are currently undergoing rapid destruction from human activities including: poison fishing; blast fishing; coral mining; sedimentation; pollution and overfishing. In this paper, these destructive activities are described and the private gains from these activities accruing to individuals are compared with the associated cost...
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... Its habitat includes outstanding mountains and lovely beauty beaches with lagoons, salt marshes, and sand dunes, as well as gardens of coral reefs and mangrove forests, which are beautiful sceneries for many tourists and visitors. Aside from its usefulness in ecotourism, coral reefs and mangrove forests protect coastal zones from erosion caused by tropical storms (Johannes, 1975); and, in addition, they provide habitat for phytoplankton, which are nutrients for many marine bio-lives (Cesar et al., 1997). Mangroves also keep coastal waters pure, preventing reef deterioration because they act as silt traps, trapping silt (Ali, 2003). ...
... Its habitat includes outstanding mountains and lovely beauty beaches with lagoons, salt marshes, and sand dunes, as well as gardens of coral reefs and mangrove forests, which are beautiful sceneries for many tourists and visitors. Aside from its usefulness in ecotourism, coral reefs and mangrove forests protect coastal zones from erosion caused by tropical storms (Johannes, 1975); and, in addition, they provide habitat for phytoplankton, which are nutrients for many marine bio-lives (Cesar et al., 1997). Mangroves also keep coastal waters pure, preventing reef deterioration because they act as silt traps, trapping silt (Ali, 2003). ...
... It was proved by Bryant et al. (1998) that nearly 30% of coral reefs are destroyed by coastal development. Thus, the construction of buildings in coastal zones leads to an increase in beach erosion altering water circulation patterns (Cesar et al., 1997). Sunlight needed for photosynthesis is blocked by sediment when it reaches the coral reef. ...
Amidst escalating threats to coral reefs during the Anthropocene era, an urgent call emerges for a holistic strategy that seamlessly integrates Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ensuring the conservation and sustainable development of these vital ecosystems. Employing an interdisciplinary lens, this chapter delves into the current state of coral reefs, shedding light on the critical need for immediate action. The study emphasizes the transformative potential of SDGs as a guiding framework for policies and initiatives aimed at fortifying resilient ecosystems and uplifting the communities intricately tied to coral reef ecosystems. Drawing on diverse case studies and successful conservation models, this chapter discerns key strategies essential for realizing SDGs in the intricate context of coral reefs. The synthesis of ecological and socio-economic perspectives contributes to a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted challenges and opportunities entwined in securing the sustainability of coral reefs within the Anthropocene. The study underscores the imperativeness of collaborative efforts, innovative solutions, and policy coherence to effectively navigate the intricate issues surrounding coral reefs, offering a blueprint for the integration of SDGs into practical conservation and sustainable development initiatives. As coral reefs teeter on the brink of irreversible decline, this research advocates for a comprehensive and dynamic approach that transcends disciplinary boundaries, promoting the vitality of these ecosystems and the well-being of the communities reliant upon them.
... Within its boundaries, Indonesia contains about 16% of the world's coral reefs, 590 species of hard corals, 197 endemic fish species and more than 20% of the world's mangrove habitat (Veron et al. 2009;Hoeksema 2007;Burke et al. 2012;Huffard, Erdmann, and Gunawan 2012). The marine resources of Indonesia are thus a high priority of the government for protection and management so they will continue to contribute to the economic benefits of people in the country (Cesar 2000;Cesar et al. 1997). It is estimated that about 60% of the country's 280 million people live in coastal areas (Rudiarto, Handayani, and Setyono 2018) and are at least partially dependent on the marine and fisheries resources for food security and livelihood (Foale et al. 2013). ...
Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is a modern scientific approach to balancing human activities both in space and time for achieving socio-economic and environmental targets through a public process. The adoption and application of the MSP approach have been proceeding in many developing countries like Indonesia to support the sustainable use of marine and coastal areas and to reduce conflicts for multiple uses of marine resources and areas. MSP also aims to reduce environmental impacts such as pollution, overfishing and illegal fishing, watershed-based pollution and coastal development impacts. Whilst the transition process from planning to implementation is an onerous mission, this paper aims to explain and learn from the process of Indonesian MSP development and propose a policy roadmap as an action plan for the national and provincial governments of Indonesia. Input for this paper was derived from a collaborative national symposium that involved 80 participants with international experts from U.S., Canada, and Australia, together with the Indonesian government, non-government sectors, and university representatives. The themes that emerged were: overcoming implementation challenges, engaging indigenous groups, zoning considerations, communicating with stakeholders, licensing and permits, collaborative enforcement, monitoring and evaluation, and land-sea cross-sectoral mechanisms. These themes were analyzed and discussed as the key instruments for a strategic approach in the operational base of MSP for Indonesia. Hindering factors to MSP implementation included data gaps, conflict of interest among stakeholders, and the complexity of the legalization process. It was agreed that committed leadership, stakeholder involvement and buy-in are essential to support effective implementation and a truly adaptive management approach for MSP in Indonesia.
... Jika merujuk pada data BPS (2021) yang diolah Suhana (2021), menunjukkan bahwa sepanjang tahun 2020 angka nilai tukar pembudidaya ikan (NTPi) terlihat fluktuatif, dengan rata-rata angka NTPi mencapai 100,55 [3]. Angka ini sebenarnya menunjukkan bahwa nilai yang diterima pembudidaya ikan atas usahanya lebih besar dibanding nilai yang dikeluarkan untuk konsumsi rumah tangga, artinya ada perbaikan tingkat daya beli. ...
... Apabila sumber daya ikan dimanfaatkan tanpa batas atau tidak rasional serta melebihi batas maksimum daya dukung ekosistemnya, maka dapat mengakibat kerusakan dan berkurangnya sumber daya ikan itu sendiri, bahkan bila tidak segera diatasi juga dapat mengakibatkan kepunahan sumber daya ikan tersebut. [3] Keberlanjutan komunitas (community sustainability): menjaga keberlanjutan lingkungan komunitas atau masyarakat perikanan yang kondusif dan sinergis dengan menegakkan aturan atau kesepakatan bersama yang tegas dan efektif; [4] Keberlanjutan kelembagaan (institutional sustainability): menjaga keberlanjutan tata kelola yang baik, adil, dan bersih melalui kelembagaan yang efisien dan efektif guna mengintegrasikan atau memadukan tiga aspek utama lainnya (keberlanjutan ekologi, keberlanjutan sosio-ekonomi, dan keberlanjutan masyarakat). ...
Awal Desember 2020, Badan Internasional untuk Konservasi Alam (IUCN) memperbarui status 3 dari 6 spesies hiu berjalan (walking shark) langka dan endemik di wilayah timur Indonesia. Status Hemiscyllium halmahera atau hiu berjalan Halmahera berubah dari “belum ada data” (not evaluated) menjadi “hampir terancam” (near threatened). Sementara, dua spesies hiu berjalan lainnya, yaitu Hemiscyllium henryi (hiu berjalan Teluk Triton Kaimana) dan Hemiscyllium galei (hiu berjalan Teluk Cenderawasih) menjadi “terancam” (vulnerable) pada 2020 dari sebelumnya “kurang data” (data deficient) pada 2012. IUCN sudah mendata status kerentanan satwa dan tumbuhan sejak 1964 yang dikenal sebagai IUCN Red List.
... In coastal areas in developing countries, artisanal fishery is an important source of income, often intermixed with agricultural activities (Cesar et al., 1997;Allison, 2001;van Oostenbrugge et al., 2004). Most fishermen depend on coastal fish stocks, because access to offshore fishing grounds is restricted by their equipment. ...
Indonesian seagrass communities are among the most diverse compared with those of other tropical or temperate regions. In this chapter, we describe some of the results of our research on seagrass beds in Sulawesi during the German–Indonesian Research Project “Science for the Protection of Indonesian Coastal Ecosystems” (SPICE) from 2004 to 2016. We studied aspects of the distribution and characteristics of these ecosystems within the Spermonde Archipelago, the role of keystone species and eco-engineers, their function as a habitat for fishes, their impact on carbon flow and storage as well as the threat they face due to anthropogenic activities. Our results contributed to these topics either by confirming known data or by originating new ideas on the interactions of seagrasses with animals and physical drivers. The alarming loss of seagrass beds globally is a serious threat for the function of our oceans as carbon sink. To save the seagrass beds, we suggest immediate measures at a regional level for the Spermonde Archipelago. We further recommend detailed research on the role seagrass ecosystems play within the complex interactions between land use and coastal changes.
Abstrak
Komunitas Lamun Indonesia termasuk salah satu yang paling beragam dibandingkan dengan wilayah tropis dan subtropis lainnya. Pada bab ini, kami menguraikan beberapa hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di padang lamun Sulawesi selama kegiatan riset bersama Jerman-Indonesia bertajuk “Sains untuk Perlindungan Ekosistem Pantai Indonesia” dari 2004 hingga 2016. Kami mengkaji aspek distribusi dan karakteristik dari ekosistem padang lamun yang ada di Kepulauan Spermonde, peran spesies kunci dan rekayasa ekologi, fungsi padang lamun sebagai habitat bagi ikan, dampak padang lamun terhadap aliran karbon dan penyimpanannya, termasuk ancaman yang dihadapi padang lamun akibat aktifitas manusia. Peringatan tentang berkurangnya luasan padang lamun di seluruh dunia adalah ancaman serius terhadap fungsi laut kita sebagai penyimpan karbon. Untuk menyelamatkan padang lamun ini, kami menyarankan untuk secepatnya melakukan penelitian dalam skala regional. Kami juga merekomendasikan dilakukannya riset yang lebih detail terkait peran ekosistem lamun dalam interaksi kompleks antara penggunaan lahan (land use) dan perubahan pantai.
... These range from damaging fishing practices to high fishing pressure for plate-sized fish which are particularly sought after for the restaurant trade supplied by this sector. For example, in order to catch live groupers, many fishers engage in poison fishing, mostly using potassium cyanide, to catch fish more easily (Cesar et al., 1997). Because the poison is very efficient, it can lead to overfishing as well as cause substantial damage to corals and other animals in the reef ecosystem especially if used repeatedly (Erdmann and Pet-Soede, 1997;Muallil et al., 2014;Pet-Soede, 2000). ...
Indonesia is one of the largest exporters of groupers, both live and dead, as part of the reef fish food trade. These fisheries sub-sector plays an important role in the livelihoods of fishing communities, especially for those living on small islands. The aim of this article is to provide a baseline profile of the trade as currently practiced and develop a framework strategy for establishing a sustainable grouper export trade for Indonesia. Challenges faced in managing the country’s (both live and dead) grouper fishery and trade include the overfishing of groupers, catch of sexually immature groupers, exploitation of grouper spawning aggregation, illegal and unreported fishing for live groupers and overall lack of management or monitoring of grouper fisheries. These factors, collectively, have resulted in declining wild grouper stocks. Management and export trade of these fisheries requires regular and standardized monitoring, management and trade controls. Control on minimum size, fishing quotas and improved spawning aggregation protection to ensure sustainability are needed in addition to oversight of vessel activity to control the trade, especially exports. To maintain viable stocks, it is essential to safeguard adequate spawning capacity and reduce the illegal fishing methods (particularly potassium cyanide and compressor diving). In particular, it is important to ensure that sufficient fish become sexually mature and that sufficient adults are able to breed, particularly those that depend on aggregating to spawn because they are easy to over-fish in such time, requiring their seasonal and/or spatial protection from fishing. Since the grouper fisheries are particularly heavily driven by export markets, regulating volumes and sizes exported, especially oversight of at-sea and air cargo exports is needed. Immediate measures are essential to stop further declines and begin to rebuild grouper stocks in Indonesia.
... The more exotic and colorful species of Tubiporamusica, Acroporasp., Pocilloporasp., and Montiporasp., are used as decorations for aquariums, gardens, and walls. Many species of corals are also cleaned, bleached and dried for selling to the tourists and people manage their livelihoods 31 . ...
The present study provides a comprehensive synthesis of secondary data from available web-based published articles. Some stakeholders including community members, environmental and community NGOs, universities, research institutions, development agencies, donors are involved in the utilization of coastal services. The ecosystem services of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are in danger due to overfishing, destructive fishing methods, sedimentation, and pollution. Hence, it is essential to utilize the resources sustainably for the betterment of coastal community livelihoods to receive continuous ecosystem services.
... Typically, artisanal fisheries use multiple gears and fishing strategies, at the same or different times of the year, to target a wide variety of invertebrates and demersal and pelagic fishes (McClanahan and Mangi, 2004;Batista et al., 2014). Many of these multispecies fisheries have operated for millennia, with various degrees of sustainability (Cesar et al., 1997;Campbell and Pardede, 2006;Tuda and Wolff, 2015). Understanding species targeted in different locations by different types of fishers will pinpoint populations of species that might be more overexploited or known to be at risk of extirpation. ...
Many small-scale fisheries are multi-species, and the catch composition can vary according to available habitats, fishing modes, and fisher groups. Here, we applied novel analyses for understanding the factors affecting differences in catch composition among fishers, which should be useful for planning regulatory measures and fishery development initiatives. Interviews with 235 artisanal fishers in Fiji were used to analyse how fishers' catch composition of 22 species of sea cucumbers varied across geographic scales (locations and villages within locations), genders, and fishing modes. Venn diagrams illustrated that gleaning and SCUBA diving were practiced to varying extents among locations and genders, whereas fishers used breath-hold diving more uniformly across the fishery. Segmented bubble plots revealed spatial variations in catch composition across the fishery. A PERMANOVA analysis found that species catch composition varied most across the two geographic scales and, secondarily, among fishing modes and between men and women. Gendered differences in catch composition were variable from one village to another, and so should not be generalized. SIMPER analyses showed that gleaners and SCUBA divers caught significantly different suites of sea cucumber species. Species threatened with extinction were among those typifying catches of SCUBA divers. Our novel graphical techniques are useful for visualizing fishing modes and catches across other fisheries. Artisanal fisheries may exhibit strong heterogeneity in catches at multiple spatial scales. Planning of regulatory measures that limit certain fishing modes or species should take into account the likely differential impacts on different fishing communities and genders.
... Light traps are mainly used to catch invertebrates and juvenile reef fish (Doherty 1987); but in the Gulf of Mannar, this type of fishing is not practiced. Trap entrance size, number of entrances, etc., play a major role in this fishery (Munro 1974;Sugimoto et al. 1996) Artisanal fishing in coral reef ecosystems is an important source of income and food for coastal people (Cesar et al. 1997). Gears like drift nets, purse seines, hooks and lines, spear guns, hand spears, traps and gill nets are employed to collect fish from the coral reef ecosystem (Pet Soede et al. 2001;Campbell & Pardede 2006). ...