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SPI and SPEI for Europe on April and August 2007, a) 6-month step and b) 12-month step

SPI and SPEI for Europe on April and August 2007, a) 6-month step and b) 12-month step

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Any attempt for the application of integrated drought management, requires identifying and characterizing the event per se. The questions of scale, boundary, and of geographic areal extend are of central concern for any efforts of drought assessment, impacts identification, and thus of drought mitigation implementation mechanisms. The use of drough...

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... It should be emphasized that drought is a natural phenomenon characterized by irregular occurrence. Therefore, the evaluation of its intensity, duration, and the spatial range of its episodes is crucial for all the measures focused on the mitigation of its effects [8]. This results from the fact that the influence of drought in a longer time period depends on the sort of adaptation measures available in the region. ...
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... The context of continental or global drought assessment utilizing SPI and/or SPEI is becoming more and more frequent in the literature (Lloyd-Hughes and Saunders 2002;Spinoni et al. 2014;Spinoni et al. 2015;Zarch et al. 2015;Spinoni et al. 2017;Stagge et al. 2017;Oikonomou et al. 2018). Spinoni et al. (2017) reported past drought trends all over Europe on both annual basis (from 1950 to 2012) and seasonal basis (from 1950 to 2015). ...
... Then as portrayed and analyzed in Figs. 2, 3 and 4 (maps 17-28), from 1989 up to 2003, southern Europe is experiencing many severe droughts with fewer incidents in the Central and Northern Europe, as it is also described in the literature (Golubev and Dronin 2004;Vidal et al. 2010;Karavitis et al. 2012;Samaniego et al. 2013;Karavitis et al. 2014;World Bank 2018) Overall, from the presented analyses the 1990-2005 period inflicted the most severe droughts for all Europe. Then, from 2004 up to 2018, central and northern Europe become the drought hot spots, with far fewer incidents in the southern part mainly located in the Iberian Peninsula (Figs. 2, 3 and 4 maps 29-40), as also recorded (Marsh et al. 2007;Bissolli et al. 2012;Samaniego et al. 2013;Maia et al. 2015;Noone et al. 2017;Oikonomou et al. 2018;González-Hidalgo et al. 2018). By examining all the quinquennia, the overall frequency analyses, no apparent tendency towards progressively more drought incidents may be reported for the last fifty years, as also independent research indicated (Bissolli et al. 2012;Martins et al. 2012;Sheffield et al. 2012;Hanel et al. 2018). ...
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