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SEM of the hilum-micropylar region, HMR. a: Coryphantha bumamma, b: C. clavata, c: Ferocactus histrix, d: Mammillaria uncinata. Bar= 400μm in a; 500μm in b-d.
Source publication
The morphological characteristics of fruits and seeds, and the germination responses of freshly matured seeds of five species of Cacteae (Coryphantha bumamma, C. clavata, C. cornifera, Ferocactus histrix and Mammillaria uncinata) were studied at room temperature under laboratory conditions. The aim of the study was to record the macro- and micro-mo...
Citations
... Respuesta manifiesta en una mayor variación del número de semillas. El número de semillas encontrado en F. pilosus es abundante, aunque inferior a las formadas por F. histrix, 2 200 semillas por fruto (Del Castillo, 1986;Loza et al., 2012). Normalmente, la abundancia de semillas es acompañada por la reducción de tamaño, observada en especies con estrategia reproductiva tipo r (fluctuante), como la que presenta F. pilosus: producción masiva de individuos potenciales (semillas) versus probabilidad baja de supervivencia (plántulas). ...
En México, más de 75% de las especies de cactáceas están sometidas a presión antropogénica y destrucción de su hábitat, como es el caso de Ferocactus pilosus, por lo que es importante aumentar el conocimiento para su recuperación in situ. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la manera en que el ambiente semiárido del Altiplano de Tamaulipas tiende a limitar la distribución de cinco poblaciones de F. pilosus y promueve cambios morfológicos que operan en frutos y semillas. El dendrograma definió la similitud entre poblaciones II, III y IV de la biznaga, debido a diferencias en pedregosidad y ligera condición de humedad por el tipo de clima y la elevación. El análisis Manova y Tukey demostraron la existencia de diferencias significativas en número de semillas (NS) y peso de semillas (PS) de biznaga. El NS fue estadísticamente igual entre las poblaciones II (674 ±191), III (657 ±221) y IV (643 ±246), mientras que en las mismas poblaciones PS fue 0.92 ±0.27, 0.9 ±0.3 y 0.88 ±0.34 mg, respectivamente. Las poblaciones II, III y IV de la biznaga cabuchera, aprovecharon mejor las condiciones ambientales del Altiplano de Tamaulipas prevalecientes en 2013 y 2014, lo que provocó una variación importante de NS y PS en las mismas poblaciones de F. pilosus y el rechazo parcial de la hipótesis.
... C (Barrios et al., 2020); (Meiado et al., 2016); (Seal et al., 2017); (Bauk et al., 2017); (Loza Cornejo et al., 2012). También, en la bibliografía consultada se menciona que el porcentaje disminuye hasta un 50%, si la temperatura se ubica en 17 C o en 34 C, siendo 25 °C la temperatura óptima para E. platyacanthus (De La Barrera & Nobel, 2003); (Rojas-Aréchiga et al., 1998); (Sánchez Soto et al., 2010). ...
... También, en la bibliografía consultada se menciona que el porcentaje disminuye hasta un 50%, si la temperatura se ubica en 17 C o en 34 C, siendo 25 °C la temperatura óptima para E. platyacanthus (De La Barrera & Nobel, 2003); (Rojas-Aréchiga et al., 1998); (Sánchez Soto et al., 2010). En este trabajo se utilizó un rango de temperatura de 23 C a 25 ºC en todos los experimentos, el cual fue proporcionado por lámparas fluorescentes (364 µmol m -2 s -1 ), las cuales combinadas con un fotoperiodo de 16 h luz/8 h oscuridad, proporcionaron las condiciones óptimas para la germinación y crecimiento adecuado de plantas de E. platyacanthus tal y como se obtuvo para Acourtia cordata (Gómez-Serrano et al., 2010), así como para Gymnocalycium monvilley (Bauk et al., 2017); y Ferocactus histrix y Mammillaria uncinata (Loza Cornejo et al., 2012). ...
Echinocactus platyacanthus is an endemic cactus of Mexico and, this plant, it is one of the most overexploited cacti, due to food characteristics, because from this cactus it is obtained the sweet soft known as acitron, also this cactus is widely distributed in Mexico, but a management plan has not been created yet, in order to guarantees the in vitro sustainable use. In addition, it is important to note, that this specimen is listed as an extinction species risk. Consequently, the goals in this work were develop a comparative study between in vitro and ex vitro germination; in addition, to know the effects of the vegetal growth regulators for E. platyacanthus with controlled conditions. In this work was obtained 70% of germination after 28 days of cultivation after sowing enploying 50% MS from original concentration, then 60% using black soil and 46% with black soil + agrolite. Regard to growth regulators, the cytokinin BAP or auxin ANA with 0.5 mgL-1 concentration the in vitro culture acelerated the growth of apical and basal explants with vigorous seedlings with height size up to 1.8 cm, and diameter size of 2.25 cm, with fresh weight of 2.3 g in a period of 70 days of cultivation after sowing; consequently, the use of both protocols of germination and growth offers one alternative in short time for the production of vigorous seedling for later establishment of this specimen in greenhouse for their future consumption and acitron production, and contributing to specimens in situ protection.
... Seeds of Selenicereus wittii from the Amazonia, in Brasil, are mussel-shaped, and also have an air chamber and are adapted to inundation hydrochory (Barthlott et al. 1997). Unlike the high variability in terms of shape, seed color in the family is mainly between black and brown (Leuenberger 1986, Barthlott & Hunt 2000, Arias & Terrazas 2004, Arroyo-Consultchi et al. 2006, Seal et al. 2009, Arias et al. 2012, Loza-Cornejo et al. 2012, Franco-Estrada et al. 2014). In some cases; however, they can be reddish-brown, yellow, green or off-white (Rojas-Aréchiga & Vázquez-Yanes 2000, Barthlott & Hunt 2000, Arias et al. 2012. ...
Background:
Cactaceae is the fifth taxonomic group with the highest proportion of threatened species. One way to contribute to the preservation of this family is to understand the processes that promote seed germination.
Questions:
How common is dormancy and seed banks in Cactaceae? Are there general patterns in cacti germination response to temperature, light, water, salinity, phytohormones, hydration/dehydration cycles, mechanical or chemical scarification?
Data description:
A total of 333 studies on cactus germination with information on 409 taxa.
Study site and dates:
since 1939 to January 2020.
Methods:
A search of scientific articles in Google Scholar was performed with the words Cactaceae, cacti and cactus, in combination with various matters on germination in English, Spanish and Portuguese.
Results:
The main germination studies in cactus deal with photoblasticism (275 taxa), temperature (205 taxa) and seed longevity (142 taxa). Other lines of study in cactus germination (e.g., desiccation tolerance, vivipary, phytohormones, mechanical or chemical scarification, in vitro germination, hydration/dehydration cycles, water and saline stress, serotiny, storage in cold, high temperature tolerance and soil seed bank) include between 14 and 65 taxa. Cacti have only physiological dormancy and optimal germination for most species occur between 20 and 30 °C.
Conclusions:
Mexico, Brazil and Argentina are the three leading countries in the study of cactus germination.
... enormous, sometimes more than 1000 seeds per fruit (Pilosocereus chrysacanthus), or just a few (1-5 seeds per fruit in Epithelantha sp. and Pereskia aculeata) (Rojas-Aréchiga andVázquez-Yánes, 2000). Seed number of our species is less than 100 seeds per fruit for Coryphanta spp.(Loza-Cornejo et al., 2012), 171 seeds per fruit for E. platyacanthus(Jiménez-Sierra et al., 2007) and 922 seeds per fruit for S. queretaroensis(Ibarra-Cerdeña et al., 2005). The number of seeds per fruit of F. latispinus and F. pilosus is unknown.Cactus seed mass ranges from 0.046 to 16 mg. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of mucilage and its removal, as well as phytohormones [gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)] in light and in darkness on germination of five cactus species (Coryphanta maiz-tablasensis, Echinocactus platyacanthus, Ferocactus latispinus, Ferocactus pilosus and Stenocereus queretaroensis) from the Chihuahuan Desert. Three of them, C. maiz-tablasensis, E. platyacanthus and F. pilosus, are at risk. The mucilage layer occurred in all species. The sterilization treatment removed the mucilage even from the micropyle. Mucilage resulted in higher germination percentage in E. platyacanthus (88.5 % vs. 21.1 % without mucilage), F. latispinus (88.5 % vs. 48.2 %) and S. queretaroensis (96.0 % vs. 1.0 %), as well as a lower germination time for E. platyacanthus (10.0 days vs. 19.5 days without mucilage), F. pilosus (14.1 days vs. 16.4 days) and F. latispinus (7.8 days vs. 14.0 days). GA3 did affect germination percentage in E. platyacanthus (higher at 500 and 1000 mg l⁻¹ than at 50 and 100 mg l⁻¹), F. latispinus (higher at 1000 mg l⁻¹ of GA3 than at the control and at the other concentrations) and F. pilosus (higher at 1000 mg l⁻¹ of GA3 than at control and 50 mg l⁻¹). The interaction of mucilage layer and GA3 was only significant for F. latispinus in that seeds with mucilage had higher germination at 0, 50, 100 and 250 mg l⁻¹ of GA3 than seeds without mucilage, but at 500 and 1000 mg l⁻¹ germination was high with and without mucilage. Most cactus seeds had no germination in darkness and auxins did not promote germination. Mucilage covers the micropyle and seeds without mucilage were internally more colored than seeds with mucilage in most species. We suggest that mucilage layer in the micropyle can function like a barrier regulating the passage of water to the inner seed.
... In the 1960s, Boke's (1963Boke's ( , 1964Boke's ( , 1966Boke's ( , 1968 ontogenetic studies in Pereskia flowers provided a basic understanding about the origin of the ovarian and receptacular tissues comprising the complex flowers of cacti (reviewed in Roth 1977). However, since then limited attention has been given to this topic in the cactus family until recent studies shed new insight about fruit development in Pereskia aculeata (Rosa and Souza 2003), floral morphology in Opuntia (Fuentes Perez and Terrazas 2009) and epiphytic (Almeida et al. 2012(Almeida et al. , 2013a as well as globose cacti (Loza-Cornejo et al. 2012). Nonetheless, there are still knowledge gaps regarding the unusual structure and development of the hypanthial ovary and fruits in the Cactaceae. ...
The family Cactaceae exhibits an assortment of fleshy and dry fruit types with various shapes dictated by the gynoecium outline and surrounding pericarpel. Consequently, conflicting terminology exists regarding cactus fruit classification because the fruit is a complex structure in which various floral parts participate in development. We examined fruit morphogenesis in four epiphytic cacti and provided a description of developmental events from post-anthesis to fruit maturation, which unveiled new structures valuable in fruit characterisation and taxonomy of the Hylocereeae and Rhipsalideae. Succinctly, the cactus fruit is a carpellar ovary embedded in a long-shoot (pericarpel). The pericarp originates from five components: internal ovarian epidermis that delimits the fruit locule, ovary (proper), collateral vascular bundles, pericarpel (receptacular origin), and external pericarpel epidermis. In addition, cell expansion and stored mucilage, a sticky substance involved in seed dispersal, occurs during fruit development. We propose the term cactidium, a complex fruit with accessory structures of pericarpellar origin surrounding the gynoecial boundary, to describe the cactus fruit. This term is appropriate because members of the Cactaceae bear unique traits, such as areoles in the reproductive structures (pericarpel), which may produce scale-leaves, bristles, and spines.
... Civelek and Balkaya (2011) reported that germination was not observed in Malva sylvestris seeds. Seed germination can be considerably influenced by environmental factors, the species and seed characteristics such as thickness of the seed coat, dormancy (Loza-Cornejo et al., 2012). Additionally, degree of germinability of seeds in most plant species vary between and within populations and between and within individuals (Mkonda et al., 2003). ...
This study was carried out to determine the some nutritional and seed properties of three wild edible plants, namely, Malva neglecta (common mallow), Polygonum cognatum (knotweed) and Trachystemon orientalis (Abraham-Isaac-Jacob), consumed as vegetable in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey. In this study, the plants were collected from five different localities in four different provinces (Amasya, Ordu, Samsun and Tokat) of the region. As a result, the nutritional and seed properties of wild edible plants varied considerably depending on the species and locality. Nutritional analysis showed that the wild edible plants contained important levels of protein (15.71 to 19.96%), potassium (1219.19–1867.47 mg/100 g), phosphorus (56.89–195.86 mg/100 g), calcium (282.96–688.32 mg/100 g) and magnesium (112.54–165.79 mg/100 g). The length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, surface area, volume, 1000 seed weight and bulk density of wild edible plant seeds varied from 1.71 to 3.11 mm, 1.37 to 1.83 mm, 1.00 to 1.61 mm, 1.41 to 2.06 mm, 0.60 to 0.85, 6.27 to 13.29 mm², 1.20 to 3.17 mm³, 1.40 to 3.41 g and 532.3 to 680.9 kg/m³, respectively. The germination rate and mean germination time of seeds changed from 36.33 to 64.67% and 7.00 to 12.67 day, respectively. The results clearly revealed that these wild plants had important nutritional properties. Thus, these wild plant species could serve as good and cheap food sources in human diet. Additionally, the findings of this study may provide useful information on nutritional composition and seed properties of these wild plants for researchers.
... polythele presentaron valores de longitud de semillas más bajos (7.7 y 13.58 cm respectivamente), y menor cantidad de semillas (23 y 52 semillas/fruto, respectivamente). Para individuos de M. uncinata recolectados en otras localidades de Jalisco, México, se han mencionado valores similares para tamaño del fruto, así como del número de semillas/fruto (Loza-Cornejo et al., 2012;Aparicio-Fernández et al., 2013). Esta variabilidad en tamaño del fruto y cantidad de semillas, también ha sido observada en otras especies de Mammillaria. ...
... Backeb., Coryphantha cornifera (DC.) Lem., los valores para tamaño de fruto oscilan entre 1.4 y 2.7 cm de longitud y con un número de semillas desde 56 hasta 99 (Loza-Cornejo et al., 2012;Aparicio-Fernández et al., 2013). Individuos de la cactácea globosa Ferocactus histrix (DC.) ...
... Individuos de la cactácea globosa Ferocactus histrix (DC.) G.E. Linds., en contraste, destacan por presentar frutos de mayor tamaño y con una gran cantidad de semillas (2100 ± 90 semillas/fruto) (Loza-Cornejo et al., 2012). ...
RESUMEN-Se estudió la biología reproductiva de tres especies de Mammillaria Haw. (Mammillaria crinita DC. subsp. crinita, Mammillaria polythele Mart. subsp. polythele y Mammillaria uncinata Zucc. ex Pfeiff.) que se distribuyen en "La Mesa Redonda", elevación mesetiforme con vegetación de selva baja caducifolia, representativa del municipio de Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México. Las variables analizadas incluyeron: morfología y fenología floral (calendario de floración), periodo de fructificación, caracteres morfológicos de frutos y semillas. Los resultados mostraron que la etapa reproductiva (floración-fructificación) de M. uncinata ocurre entre los meses marzo-junio; para M. crinita subsp. crinita la floración-fructificación se presenta en el periodo mayo-septiembre y para M. polythele subsp. polythele la floración es de junio a octubre, para culminar con la fructificación en enero. La morfología floral es similar en las especies estudiadas, poseen flores campanuladas, hermafroditas y antesis diurna. Las flores de mayor altura (16.66 ± 1.82 cm) y diámetro (16 ± 0.7 cm) corresponden a M. uncinata. Los valores promedio más altos para longitud, ancho, peso del fruto, número de semillas por fruto, tamaño y peso de semillas corresponden también a M. uncinata. Se concluye sobre la importancia de analizar factores microambientales para los sitios particulares de distribución de cada una de las especies y su influencia en la biología reproductiva. ABSTRACT-Reproductive biology of three Mammillaria Haw. species (Mammillaria crinita DC. subsp. crinita, Mammillaria polythele Mart. subsp. polythele y Mammillaria uncinata Zucc. ex Pfeiff.) that are distributed in the "Mesa Redonda" was studied. The "Mesa Redonda" is a mesetiform hill with deciduous forest vegetation, representative of Lagos de Moreno municipality, in Jalisco, Mexico. The variables analyzed included: morphology and floral phenology, fruiting period, and morphological characteristics of fruits and seeds. The results showed that the reproductive stage (flowering and fruiting process), of M. uncinata occurs between March-June; flowering and fruit emergency in M. crinita subsp. crinita occurs in the period from May to September and in M. polythele subsp. polythele flowering is from June to October, culminating with fruiting in January. The floral morphology is similar in the studied species: bell-shaped flowers, hermaphrodites and daytime anthesis. Flowers of greater height (16.66 ± 1.82 cm) and diameter (16 ± 0.7 cm) are present in M. uncinata. The highest average values for length, width, fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit, seed size and weight also correspond to M. uncinata. We conclude on the importance of analyzing microenvironmental factors for particular sites of distribution of each species and its influence on the reproductive biology.
... Las semillas de cactáceas presentan en laboratorio una disminución de su viabilidad que varía entre especies; algunas en un año disminuyen su viabilidad y otras pueden mantenerla por más de 5 años (Rojas-Arechiga y Vázquez-Yanes, 2000). Se ha observado que la germinación es un proceso rápido, influyendo algunas características morfológicas de los frutos y semillas (Loza-Cornejo et al., 2012). En virtud de lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del tiempo de almacenamiento de la semilla de Ferocactus townsendianus sobre su germinación y supervivencia. ...
The 'biznaga' (Ferocactus townsendianus) are an important vegetative component in Baja California Sur, Mexico, which has been seriously affected by human activities. Therefore, reductions of this specie in natural population have been presented. Viability and seed germination is needed to ensure the prevalence of this species. Cacti seeds present in the laboratory a reduction of their viability that differs between species. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed storage time on the germination and survival of F. townsendianus. Seeds were collected and used during the years 2003, 2004, 2010, 2012 and 2013 and placed in Petri dishes, each containing 20 seeds at the rate of fve dishes per year. Germination (%), germination rate index, germination time and survival (%) were assessed. A lower germination (P<0.03) was found in 2013. No significant differences were found between years on the average germination rate (P>0.35), average time of germination (P<0.97) and the percentage of seedling survival (P>0.07). The results suggest feasibility and convenience of F. townsendianus seed storage, which could increase their germination levels upon subjecting them to adequate temperature and light treatments.
Ingeniería del Agua | 26.3 | 2022 Jaco et al. | Eficiencia de la Opuntia ficus indica como coagulante para el tratamiento de las aguas residuales grises […] 157 Eficiencia de la Opuntia ficus indica como coagulante para el tratamiento de las aguas residuales grises y su aplicación en un sistema piloto. Efficiency of Opuntia ficus indica as a coagulant for gray wastewater treatment and its application in a pilot system. Ingeniería del agua, 26(3), 157-171. https://doi.org/10.4995/Ia.2022.17478 RESUMEN La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la eficiencia del Opuntia ficus indica como coagulante en el tratamiento de las aguas grises, para ello se trabajó con una serie de pruebas compuestas para diferentes cantidades de coagulante, este último se preparó en forma de polvo a partir de la Opuntia ficus indica. Se han caracterizado los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua residual gris, se aplicó el coagulante en el equipo de prueba de jarras y se determinó la dosis optima del coagulante con base en la variación de los parámetros de calidad. Como resultado se obtuvo un agua inicialmente por encima de los Estándares de Calidad Ambiental para Agua (D.S. N° 004-2017) y la Guía de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental para reutilización de aguas residuales, una dosis optima de 1.625 g/l y al ser aplicado en el sistema piloto de tratamiento primario, se obtuvieron los siguientes porcentajes de remoción: 96.67% de SST, 88.19% de Turbidez, 72,98% de DBO 5 y 72.81% de Nitrito; en el caso de pH se alcanzó una reducción en 30.37%; se concluye que el coagulante natural es eficiente para el tratamiento de aguas residuales grises y puede usarse para riego no restringido de vegetales. ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of Opuntia ficus indica as a coagulant in the treatment of gray water, for which a series of tests were carried out for different amounts of coagulant, the latter was prepared in powder form from Opuntia ficus indica. The physicochemical parameters of the gray wastewater have been characterized, the coagulant was applied in the jar test equipment and the optimal dose of the coagulant was determined based on the variation of the quality parameters. As a result, water was initially obtained above the Environmental Quality Standards for Water (D.S. No. 004-2017) and the Guide of the Environmental Protection Agency for reuse of wastewater, an optimal dose of 1,625 g / l and being applied in the primary treatment pilot system, the following removal percentages were obtained: 96.67% TSS, 88.19% Turbidity, 72.98% DBO5 and 72.81% Nitrite; in the case of pH, a reduction in acidity of 30.37% was reached; It is concluded that the natural coagulant is efficient for the treatment of gray wastewater and can be used for unrestricted irrigation of vegetables.
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la eficiencia del Opuntia ficus indica como coagulante en el tratamiento de las aguas grises, para ello se trabajó con una serie de pruebas compuestas para diferentes cantidades de coagulante, este último se preparó en forma de polvo a partir de la Opuntia ficus indica. Se han caracterizado los parámetros fisicoquímicos del aguaresidual gris, se aplicó el coagulante en el equipo de prueba de jarras y se determinó la dosis optima del coagulante con base en la variación de los parámetros de calidad. Como resultado se obtuvo un agua inicialmente por encima de los Estándares de Calidad Ambiental para Agua (D.S. N° 004-2017) y la Guía de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental para reutilización de aguas residuales, una dosis optima de 1.625 g/l y al ser aplicado en el sistema piloto de tratamiento primario, se obtuvieron los siguientes porcentajes de remoción: 96.67% de SST, 88.19% de Turbidez, 72,98% de DBO5 y 72.81% de Nitrito; en el caso de pH se alcanzó una reducción en 30.37%; se concluye que el coagulante natural es eficiente para el tratamiento de aguas residuales grises y puede usarse para riego no restringido de vegetales.
