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SEM micrographs at 20 kV of different membranes: (a) rice flour; (b) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA); and (c–e) rice flour/PVA membranes at different contents of rice flour for (c) 12.5% w/w, (d) 25% w/w and (e) 37.5% w/w
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Rice flour is a naturally abundant and renewable biodegradable and biocompatible material. Nevertheless, fabrication of rice flour-based functional nanostructures has been challenging due to the difficulties in fine-tuning solution parameters. The present work shows a successful synthesis of rice-flour based nanofibers containing PVA by simply allo...
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Citations
... Milasius et al. [40] investigated the production of composite fibers made of potato starch and PVA by electrospinning using water and ethanol as solvents. Woranuch et al. [41] studied the synthesis of rice starch/PVA nanofibers by electrospinning in alkaline solution conditions, obtaining very thin fibers of diameters between 36 and 151 nm. ...
This work reports on the development of fibers based on natural mango kernel starch (MKS) with diameters in the nanoscalse by means of the electrospinning technique. MKS was extracted from mango kernels and two synthetic polymers, namely polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), were blended with MKS in order to improve its spinnability, obtaining MKS/PVA and MKS/PVP fibers with a 10 wt% of total polymer concentration. Several electrospinning conditions (voltage and flux) were tested in solutions of MKS concentrations ranging from 0 to 5 wt% for both group of fibers. The morphology of all the fibers was evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and their topography was analysed by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). MKS/PVA nanofibers were obtained with a diameter range from 0.146 to 0.315 μm, with a “smooth fiber concentration threshold” of 3 wt%, while MKS/PVP, fibers with diameters from 0.080 to 0.339 μm were produced, but 5 wt% MKS concentration fibers were beaded fibers, as a result of an excess in starch concentration. Finally, the roughness of the optimal fibers showed quite a similar trend to that of fiber diameter, presenting roughnessess between 80 and 343 nm.
... However, starch-based nanofibers often showed brittleness and poor processability (Liu et al., 2017). Some previous studies have investigated that different flour types could be good candidates to form nanofibers on their own or blended with other materials (Aydogdu, Yildiz, et al., 2019b;Tam et al., 2017;Woranuch et al., 2017). To the best of our knowledge, rye flour has never been used as nanofiber material. ...
The objective of this research was to incorporate grape seed extract (GSE) into electrospun nanofibers produced from rye flour, whey protein concentrate (WPC), and polyethylene oxide (PEO). The effects of rye flour concentration (4% and 6%) and heating methods (conventional and microwave) on the properties of solutions and nanofibers were studied. Rheology results showed that microwave-heated solutions containing 6% rye flour had higher viscosity. According to the SEM images, the developed fibers obtained from this solution had larger diameter as compared to the ones obtained from conventionally heated solutions. Microwave pretreatment resulted in beadless and homogeneous fibers. GSE addition had a positive effect on viscosity and diameter size of microwave-heated samples. The physical and thermal properties of GSE encapsulated nanofibers were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), water vapor permeability (WVP), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. The GSE addition made strong interactions within polymer matrix which improved thermal stability of films. Although GSE was not so stable at high pH environment, antioxidant activities of GSE containing samples with 4% and 6% rye flour were found to be 41.62 and 42.78%, respectively. GSE loading efficiency of electrospun nanofibers was improved with increasing rye flour concentration from 54.16 to 61.15%, and loading efficiency was improved with increased rye flour content. The results showed that rye flour and GSE are good candidates for electrospinning application, and their nanofiber films can be suggested to be used in combination with other materials as multilayered packaging.
... At the same time, this resulted in an improvement of tensile strength of compact powder formed. Thus, the PVA compact powder was harder than compact powder formed by mixing with alcohol as permanent inter-molecular and intra-molecular bonding were formed by PVA with cooling powder (Woranuch et al. 2017). This affects the result of drop test. ...
... However, it is noted that the OH peak of PVA compact powder was shifted to a lower transmittance compared with that of pure cooling powder. These shifts indicated that new hydrogen bonds formed in the compact powder were stronger than the existing hydrogen bonds in pure cooling powder (Woranuch et al. 2017). Compact powder was successfully formed by using PVA as binder. ...
Bedak sejuk is a type of traditional cosmetic product that is favoured by women that possesses potential to be marketed as cosmetic product in the form of loose powder or compact powder. At present, there is no research available on the bedak sejuk in the compact format. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to produce a compact powder by introducing several binding agents. The soaking process of rice grain in the water was carried out for 84 days (14 days soaking interval, 6 times soaking water changed) to produce the paste of bedak sejuk. It was then dried and crushed using mortar and pestle before being sieved to be characterizes (particles sizes and bonds- FTIR). The compact format of bedak sejuk were prepared by addition of different binding agents namely ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol(PVA), magnesium stearate and jojoba oil to evaluate its cracking level, hardness through drop test and easiness of application onto the skin. Based on the result, the particle size of uncrushed and crushed bedak sejuk were at 1000-2000μm and ranging 150-250 μm respectively. The FTIR analysis showed that the functional groups existed in bedak sejuk were OH bond, C-H bond, C=O bond, C-O-H bond and C-O bond. Each type of compact bedak sejuk produced from each binding agent exhibits their own strengths and weaknesses respectively. In short, alcohol (PVA) is found to be the best binding agent used due to its easiness to be applied onto the skin.
... ATR-IR spectra in the 4000-1200 cm −1 region of the rice flours and starch are shown in Figure 2. A broad feature in the 3600-3100 cm −1 region is assigned mainly to the OH stretching vibration mode of water (Leewatchararongharoen and Anutagool 2016;Sarekha et al. 2017). The group of bands centered around 2930 cm −1 is due to the CH stretching modes, mainly that of starch, lipids, and protein; however, the contribution of protein is usually weak. ...
... The group of bands centered around 2930 cm −1 is due to the CH stretching modes, mainly that of starch, lipids, and protein; however, the contribution of protein is usually weak. Hence, the lipid-derived band is assigned to the steep band at 2930 cm −1 (Diop et al. 2011;Colussi et al. 2014;Sarekha et al. 2017). In the 1600-1400 cm −1 region of the rice flour, 2 bands appeared at 1540 and 1640 cm −1 , whereas the starch spectrum contained only a broad band at 1640 cm −1 in this region. ...
This study evaluated the influence of the milling process on solid state of rice flours according to water activity using ATR-FTIR. A band at 1740 cm−1 attributed to the C=O stretching of lipids was detected for crystalline samples, and it disappeared at a high aw range. The CH band at 2930 cm−1 of crystalline samples gradually shifted to a higher wavenumber with aw. This band of the α-formed and wet-milled samples shifted to higher wavenumbers above 0.8aw. A band due to OH stretching mode in the 3500-3000 cm−1 region did not shift with aw. The result obtained from IR spectra suggests that the parameter K calculated by Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boar model reflected not only the interaction between water molecules but also the changes of state in solids. Consequently, the results from this study provide insights about the adsorption properties of nonideal solids such as rice flour.
... As shown in Figure 2d, the vibration peak of hydroxy group (OH) in TA@LSÀ Ag weakened significantly and showed a blueshift to 3627 cm À 1 from 3334 cm À 1 in TA@LS, indicating that electrostatic crosslinking occurred between TA@LS and Ag NPs, and OH participated in the formation and stabilization of Ag NPs. [51,52] The phenolic CÀ OÀ H stretching vibration at 1220 cm À 1 for the catechol groups in TA@LS decreased apparently after complexation with Ag NPs, implying that the catechol groups facilitated the reduction of silver ions. [50] The 13 C NMR spectra shown in Figure S1 illustrated the peak of TA@LSÀ Ag got broadened after loading Ag NPs, resulting from the increase in molecular mass after complexation of TA@LS and Ag NPs. ...
The Cover Feature shows a very strong, super tough, antibacterial, and UV‐blocking biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite film, in which the homogeneously interspersed antibacterial agent TA@LS‐Ag of about 20 nm was prepared from the green biomass sodium lignosulfonate and tannic acid with extremely low silver content (0.032–0.32 wt ‰). More information can be found in the Full Paper by X. Zhang et al.
... As shown in Figure 2d, the vibration peak of hydroxy group (OH) in TA@LSÀ Ag weakened significantly and showed a blueshift to 3627 cm À 1 from 3334 cm À 1 in TA@LS, indicating that electrostatic crosslinking occurred between TA@LS and Ag NPs, and OH participated in the formation and stabilization of Ag NPs. [51,52] The phenolic CÀ OÀ H stretching vibration at 1220 cm À 1 for the catechol groups in TA@LS decreased apparently after complexation with Ag NPs, implying that the catechol groups facilitated the reduction of silver ions. [50] The 13 C NMR spectra shown in Figure S1 illustrated the peak of TA@LSÀ Ag got broadened after loading Ag NPs, resulting from the increase in molecular mass after complexation of TA@LS and Ag NPs. ...
In this work, inspired by the dynamic sacrificial hydrogen bonds in biological materials, a very strong, super‐tough, antibacterial, and cost‐effective biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposite material was developed by incorporating the nanoscale antibacterial agent TA@LS−Ag. TA@LS−Ag was prepared from the green biomass tannic acid (TA) and sodium lignosulfonate (LS), and was facilely incorporated into the PVA matrix with a homogeneously interspersed nanoparticle size of about 20 nm. The PVA nanocomposite film with 2 wt % addition of TA@LS−Ag achieved the highest specific toughness of 262 J g⁻¹ among the PVA‐based films to date, which is far higher than that of natural spider silk (150–190 J g⁻¹), as well as a very high tensile strength of 131.6 MPa. The excellent tensile strength and superior toughness were attributed to synergy of the nanophase separation structure and the intense hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the nanoparticles and PVA matrix. The PVA/TA@LS−Ag nanocomposite films exhibited good antibacterial properties, despite the extremely low silver content (0.032–0.32 wt ‰). TA@LS−Ag also endowed the PVA films with excellent antioxidant and UV‐shielding performance. As the biomass‐derived LS and TA and the PVA matrix are all biodegradable, this work offers a facile strategy for preparing high‐performance antibacterial and biodegradable polymeric materials.
... Rice flour starch was also blended with the poly(vinyl alcohol) to form the nanofibers. Besides, the successful achievement of the nanofibers, it was also revealed that rice flour improves the tenacity and Young's modulus by promoting crystallization in the poly(vinyl alcohol) [69]. Further, exploration of the starch nanocomposites by Dicastillo and coworkers concluded starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofiber composites as a new route to incorporate the nanocrystals of cellulose into poly(lactic acid) nanofibers. ...
Electrospinning a versatile and the most preferred technique for the fabrication of nanofibers has revolutionized by opening unlimited avenues in biomedical fields. Presently, the simultaneous functionalization and/or post-modification of as-spun nanofibers with biomolecules has been explored, to serve the distinct goals in the aforementioned field. Starch is one of the most abundant biopolymers on the earth. Besides, being biocompatible and biodegradable in nature, it has unprecedented properties of gelatinization and retrogradation. Therefore, starch has been used in numerous ways for wide range of applications. Keeping these properties in consideration, the present article summarizes the recent expansion in the fabrication of the pristine/modified starch-based composite scaffolds by electrospinning along with their possible applications. Apart from electrospinning technique, this review will also provide the comprehensive information on various other techniques employed in the fabrication of the starch-based nanofibers. Furthermore, we conclude with the challenges to be overcome in the fabrication of nanofibers by the electrospinning technique and future prospects of starch-based fabricated scaffolds for exploration of its applications.
... In the current study, TS and YM of PS film were also enhanced to 47.6% and 75.7% respectively due to blending with boiled rice water. This increase in TS and YM could be due to formation of intermolecular bonds between PVA and starch (Woranuch et al., 2017). The nanocomposite developed as a hybrid blend of Mt, rice starch and AgNPs in PVA matrix (PASM) exhibited TS and YM of 30.7 ± 0.535 MPa and 1.369 ± 3.9 GPa respectively. ...
... Presence of Mt, starch, and in situ generated AgNPs in the PVA matrix of PASM film has resulted in a shift of this band to a lower wavenumber of 3238 cm −1 when compared to control films. This could be the indication of formation of new hydrogen bonds in the nanocomposite blend films developed (Wang et al., 2014;Woranuch et al., 2017). The band at 2941 cm −1 observed in P neat film can be ascribed to the asymmetric stretching vibrations of CeH group (Mallakpour & Naghdi, 2016). ...
... Neat P film also showed the presence of a moderate band at 1087 cm −1 which corresponds to CeO stretching of ether groups (El-Hefian et al., 2010). This was found to be shifted to 1004 cm −1 , in PSM film, representing the CeO stretching glycosidic linkage of rice starch (Woranuch et al., 2017). This band was shifted to a lower wavenumber with enhanced intensity to 1028 cm −1 in PASM nanocomposite blend film. ...
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is an excellent film forming polymer used for packaging applications, but it has weak
barrier and mechanical properties. Hence improvement in material properties of PVA is expected to enhance its
suitability as an ideal food packaging material. For the first time, this study reports the use of boiled rice starch
as a blending agent to modify the physicochemical properties of PVA. The aim of the work was to develop
montmorillonite (Mt)/PVA/boiled rice starch blend material reinforced with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for
food packaging application. Highly cost effective method was used for the generation of AgNPs from AgNO3 by
using rice starch as a reducing agent. The rapid in situ generation of AgNPs within the polymer matrix, under the
influence of direct sunlight, as conducted in this study is a novel approach. The nanocomposite films prepared by
solvent casting method were characterized by SEM, XRD, FT-IR and UV–vis spectroscopy analysis. Mechanical,
optical, and barrier properties of the nanocomposite films further showed its excellent properties when compared
to the neat PVA film. The nanocomposite also showed promising antimicrobial activity against foodborne
pathogens Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Hence the results suggest the nanocomposite blend
developed in the study to be an ideal material for food packaging application.
... The usage of electrospun starch is not only limited with biomedical application but is also getting extended to other applications. Blending of starch along with other polymers such as Gaur gum to encapsulate active food ingredients [53], PVA and graphene to improve conductivity [54], polyacrylonitrile for sensors application [55], polyvinyl alcohol for filtration [56] and polyvinyl alcohol, polylactic acid and cellulose nanocrystals for barrier properties [57] is being pursued actively by the researcher fraternity. ...
Starch is an emerging polymer in biomedical research area due to its ease of availability, low- cost and biological values. Starch polymer has been used as powder and film in applications such as tissue engineering and hemostatic application. Starch in fibrous form is very difficult to produce due to the branched amylopectin structure. With the advent of electrospinning fibrous form of starch is attempted by various researchers. The present paper reports comprehensive review of attempts made on electrospinning of starch and its potential applications in biomedical and tissue engineering.
