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SEM images of H-BR (a), L-BR (b), and PDMS passive samplers (c). Scale bars in the upper and bottom panels are 1 mm and 10 μm for both H-BR and L-BR, and 20 μm and 200 nm for PDMS, respectively
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In this study, two macroporous butyl rubber (BR)–based sorbents prepared in benzene (H-BR) and in cyclohexane (L-BR) with different porosities were synthesized by cryogelation technique. Their performances as a passive sampler were studied and then compared with commercially available silicon rubber (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) passive sampler. For...
Citations
... Since silica has hard dispersion with nonpolar rubbers due to its acidic nature, high surface energy, and strong polar functional groups such as silanol and siloxane on its surface; the main issue is the good dispersion of filler in the rubber and filler-rubber interaction (Jin et al., Hassanabadi et al. 2020, Song 2020, Tureyen et al. 2021. The main reason for the unequal and challenging dispersion of silica particles in rubber compounds is the tendency of these particles to aggregate, which is also because of the presence of silanol groups on the surface of silica particles that may cause hydrogen bonds. ...
Undoubtedly, with the increasing emission of greenhouse gases and non-biodegradable wastes as the consequence of over energy and material consumption, the demands for environmentally friendly products are of significant importance. Green tires, a superb alternative to traditional tires, could play a substantial part in environmental protection owing to lower toxic and harmful substances in their construction and their higher decomposition rate. Furthermore, manufacturing green tires using green silica as reinforcement has a high capacity to save energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, pollution, and raw material consumption. Nevertheless, their production costs are expensive in comparison with conventional tires. In this review article, by studying green tires, the improvement of silica-rubber mixing, as well as the production of green silica from agricultural wastes, were investigated. Not only does the consumption of agricultural wastes save resources considerably, but it also could eventually lead to the reduction of silica production expenses. The cost of producing green silica is about 50% lower than producing conventional silica, and since it weighs about 17% of green silica tires, it can reduce the cost of producing green rubber. Accordingly, we claim that green silica has provided acceptable properties of silica in tires. Apart from the technical aspect, environmental and economic challenges are also discussed, which can ultimately be seen as a promising prospect for the use of green silica in the green tire industry.
Graphical abstract
... Different types of samplers were used not only for organic pollutants (Maruya et al. 2015;Belles et al. 2017), but also for heavy metals (Bailon et al. 2019), micropollutants (Mutzner et al. 2020), and biotoxins (Zendong et al. 2016). Although several passive samplers are used to monitor organic pollutants in the marine environment such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) (Jonker et al. 2015), polyoxymethylene (POM) (Josefsson et al. 2015), low-density polyethylene (LDPE) (Estoppey et al. 2016), and butyl rubber (BR) (Tureyen et al. 2021), only semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) are standardized and commercially available (Booij and Smedes 2010). ...
... The purpose of synthesizing monophasic BR sorbents with different pore sizes was to obtain an efficient absorption performance of the PAHs with all log K ow values. These BR sorbents with tunable pore morphologies showed extraordinary mechanical properties, and high sorption rates and capacities for PAHs Tureyen et al. 2021). ...
... Previous laboratory studies have shown that for the PAHs with low log K ow values, namely naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene, BR sorbents reached equilibrium more rapidly than PDMS sampler; in addition, the absorbed amounts of these PAHs were much higher in BR sorbents. For example, amounts of naphthalene in the equilibrium phase by 1 g of samplers were 12 mg and 28 mg for PDMS and BR sorbent, respectively, which indicates a lower absorption capacity for the PDMS sampler (Tureyen et al. 2021). The difference between PDMS and BR sorbents can be explained with the same phenomena with laboratory studies, which shows that PDMS samplers become repleted with low molecular weight PAHs rapidly and are not able to sample high molecular weight PAHs. ...
In the present study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) accumulation performances of four butyl rubber (BR) monophasic passive samplers with different pore structures were investigated and the results were compared with monophasic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samplers and biphasic semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Stainless steel cages containing passive samplers were deployed in the water column in Istinye Bay, Istanbul Strait, and retrieved after 7 and 28 days. Collected samplers were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine their PAH contents. Results showed that BR passive samplers have sampled all PAHs for both short- and long-term sampling periods while SPMD samplers only collected twelve and thirteen PAHs after 7 and 28 days, respectively. PDMS samplers showed the poorest performance, having only sampled seven and ten PAHs after 7 and 28 days, respectively. Among the BR samplers, a monophasic BR sampler with a single pore network (SN10) showed the most feasible performance in terms of PAH sampling and its preparation cost. Results highlighted that the SN10 sampler with a wide absorption range and monophasic structure can be used as an alternative passive sampler for pollution monitoring in marine environments.
... BR sorbents were recently introduced into literature to collect petroleum products from oil spills in marine environments, and to remove PAHs from aqueous solutions (Ceylan et al. 2009). More recently, their use as passive samplers was studied in lab-scale experiments in terms of sampling parameters like absorption rates and capacities, and the effects of the pore morphologies and the porosities of the BR samplers on their passive sampling performances were analyzed Tureyen et al. 2021). ...
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic pollutants having various adverse effects on the marine ecosystem. Because of their low solubility in the marine environment, their detection and monitoring in the water column are challenging tasks. Passive samplers are used to detect PAHs in aquatic environments as complementary tools to conventional water sampling. In the present study, PAH absorbance performances of four butyl rubber-based (BR) passive samplers with different structures (SN5, SN10, DN, and TN) and commercialized passive samplers (SPMD and PDMS) were determined. Stainless steel cages containing passive samplers were deployed in the water column in Istinye Bay, Istanbul, and retrieved after 7 and 28 days. Collected samplers were analyzed in the laboratory to determine their PAH contents. Results showed that, even though the SPMD samplers had the highest total PAH content, they were not able to collect PAHs with log K ow value of above 6.0. Similarly, PAHs with log K ow values higher than 5.5 could have not been collected by PDMS samplers. In contrast, BR-based passive samplers have sampled also high molecular weight PAHs in the water column, and SN10 sampler showed the highest performance in terms of the collected PAHs. Results highlighted that SN10 sampler has a wide absorption range when it is compared with the commercialized samplers, and it has also advanced absorption performance relative to the other BR samplers.
... The solvent crystals perform as a template for the pores, and after melting, they leave large voids filled with liquid solvent [6]. The most common solvent used is water, but other solvents or solvent mixtures with freezing points reasonably close to zero can be used, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), benzene or cyclohexane [11,12]. Water is considered to be the best solvent for the formation of biocompatible cryogels for biomedical applications. ...
Cryogels obtained by the cryotropic gelation process are macroporous hydrogels with a well-developed system of interconnected pores and shape memory. There have been significant recent advancements in our understanding of the cryotropic gelation process, and in the relationship between components, their structure and the application of the cryogels obtained. As cryogels are one of the most promising hydrogel-based biomaterials, and this field has been advancing rapidly, this review focuses on the design of biodegradable cryogels as advanced biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. The selection of a biodegradable polymer is key to the development of modern biomaterials that mimic the biological environment and the properties of artificial tissue, and are at the same time capable of being safely degraded/metabolized without any side effects. The range of biodegradable polymers utilized for cryogel formation is overviewed, including biopolymers, synthetic polymers, polymer blends, and composites. The paper discusses a cryotropic gelation method as a tool for synthesis of hydrogel materials with large, interconnected pores and mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties, adapted for targeted biomedical applications. The effect of the composition, cross-linker, freezing conditions, and the nature of the polymer on the morphology, mechanical properties and biodegradation of cryogels is discussed. The biodegradation of cryogels and its dependence on their production and composition is overviewed. Selected representative biomedical applications demonstrate how cryogel-based materials have been used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, cancer research, and sensing.
... Intensive agriculture and clashing land uses further facilitate soil metal contamination in Greece; as such, our own research here (Giannakis et al. 2020) Moving on from land to water, newly synthesized rubberbased sorbents were tested as passive samplers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Tureyen et al. 2020). It was shown that at least the sampler prepared in benzene performed very well and it could be used for both short-and long-term monitoring in the aquatic environment. ...
