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SCFA-producing microbiota. Different bacterial taxa are associated with the production of different SCFA. Of note, the Clostridium family is not associated with a particular SCFA. This may reflect the abundance of different species of the Clostridia genus in the human gut. Adapted from Macfarlane and Macfarlane [129].
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It is widely accepted that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in modulating inflammatory and immune responses of their host. In recent years, the host-microbiota interface has gained relevance in understanding the development of many non-communicable chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, autoimmunity and neurodegene...
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Context 1
... producing bacteria are known as DF fermenters (Table 2). The effect of DF interventions on the GM of healthy adults has been reviewed elsewhere [182], as well as SCFA production by the microbiota [129] (Figure 2). Whereas a meta-analysis revealed considerable heterogeneity in results, significant relationships between specific DF interventions, GM communities and SCFA production, could be made. ...
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... Finally, one should also consider the risks that are posed by radiation on the various microbiomes (gut, skin, and oral) of astronauts. Given the large body of literature regarding the role of the gut microbiome in human health [117][118][119], the impact of space radiation on the development of more virulent organisms, antibiotic resistance, and alterations affecting the microbiota-host interface is of real concern. Certainly, some evidence of environmental radiation impacting the gut microbiome on Earth lends support as to why this aspect of humans in space should be further investigated [120]. ...
Homo sapiens and their predecessors evolved in the context of the boundary conditions of Earth, including a 1 g gravity and a geomagnetic field (GMF). These variables, plus others, led to complex organisms that evolved under a defined set of conditions and define how humans will respond to space flight, a circumstance that could not have been anticipated by evolution. Over the past ~60 years, space flight and living in low Earth orbit (LEO) have revealed that astronauts are impacted to varying degrees by such new environments. In addition, it has been noted that astronauts are quite heterogeneous in their response patterns, indicating that such variation is either silent if one remained on Earth, or the heterogeneity unknowingly contributes to disease development during aging or in response to insults. With the planned mission to deep space, humans will now be exposed to further risks from radiation when traveling beyond the influence of the GMF, as well as other potential risks that are associated with the actual loss of the GMF on the astronauts, their microbiomes, and growing food sources. Experimental studies with model systems have revealed that hypogravity conditions can influence a variety biological and physiological systems, and thus the loss of the GMF may have unanticipated consequences to astronauts’ systems, such as those that are electrical in nature (i.e., the cardiovascular system and central neural systems). As astronauts have been shown to be heterogeneous in their responses to LEO, they may require personalized countermeasures, while others may not be good candidates for deep-space missions if effective countermeasures cannot be developed for long-duration missions. This review will discuss several of the physiological and neural systems that are affected and how the emerging variables may influence astronaut health and functioning.
... Improvement of the gut microbiome has been associated with impact on the local gut epithelial cells [6], the immune system [7], and chronic metabolic and skin diseases [8][9][10]. Support of the gut through supplementation has been associated with improvement of the gut microbial diversity and increase in the production of short chain fatty acids [11,12]. Modulation of the gut microbiome has been associated with changes in the skin, supporting the presence of a gut-skin axis [13,14]. ...
Terminalia chebula (TC) is a medicinal plant that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties and that is widely used in Ayurveda and herbal formulations. However, the skin effects of TC as an oral supplement have not been studied. The objective of this study is to determine if oral TC fruit extract supplementation can modulate the skin’s sebum production and reduce the appearance of wrinkles. A prospective double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted on healthy females aged 25–65. Subjects were supplemented with an oral placebo or Terminalia chebula (250 mg capsule, Synastol TC) capsules twice daily for eight weeks. A facial image collection and analysis system was used to assess the facial appearance of wrinkle severity. Standardized, non-invasive tools were used to measure facial moisture, sebum production, transepidermal water loss, melanin index and erythema index. For those who had a baseline sebum excretion rate >80 ug/cm2, TC supplementation produced a significant decrease in forehead sebum excretion rate compared to the placebo at four weeks (−17 decrease vs. 20% increase, p = 0.07) and at eight weeks (−33% decrease vs. 29% increase, p < 0.01). Cheek erythema decreased by 2.2% at eight weeks, while the placebo treatment increased cheek erythema by 1.5% (p < 0.05). Facial wrinkles decreased by 4.3% in the TC group and increased by 3.9% in the placebo group after eight weeks of supplementation (p < 0.05). TC supplementation reduces facial sebum and improves the appearance of wrinkles. Future studies should consider evaluating oral TC as adjuvant therapy for acne vulgaris.
