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SBRSs near Gartow (Lower Saxony, Germany) after the Elbe flood in 2013 using (a) AQUARIWA and (b) Quick Damm Type E.
Source publication
In addition to flood defence with sandbags, different sandbag replacement systems (SBRSs) have been available for a number of years. The use of sandbags is time-consuming as well as highly intensive in terms of materials and personnel. In contrast, SBRSs are reusable and require lower costs in terms of helpers and logistics, offsetting the comparat...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... in Germany during the Elbe flood in 2013, SBRSs were only used in isolated cases (AQUARIWA, 2019;Mobildeich, 2019) despite the fact that the use of sandbagging for operational flood defence is very time-, materialand labour-intensive. Figure 4 shows two SBRSs after the Elbe flood in 2013. The two systems were successfully used to prevent the hinterland from flooding (Niedersaechsischer Landtag, 2014). ...
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Citations
... Exploring their impact on pedestrian evacuation dynamics in floodwater and recovery times is the subject of another study (Shirvani, Kesserwani, & Richmond, 2020). 2 To demonstrate the feasibility of the coupled ABMs. More efficient sandbag replacement systems (Lankenau, Massolle, Koppe, & Krull, 2020) can also be implemented, tested and compared in a future study. 3 Because the aim of this study aimed to explore people effects on local flood hydrodynamics, considering inflow hydrographs that would lead to HR > 7 (i.e., indicative of loss of life) was out of scope. ...
This article presents a simulator for the modelling of the two‐way interactions between flooding and people. The simulator links a hydrodynamic model to a pedestrian model in a single agent‐based modelling platform, Flexible Large‐scale Agent Modelling Environment for the Graphical Processing Unit (FLAMEGPU). Dynamic coupling is achieved by the simultaneous update and exchange of information across multiple agent types. Behavioural rules and states for the pedestrian agents are proposed to account for the pedestrians' presence/actions in/to floodwater. These are based on a commonly used hazard rate (HR) metric to evaluate the risk states of people in floodwater, and by considering two roles for the pedestrians: evacuees or responders for action during or before the flood event, respectively. The potential of the simulator is demonstrated in a case study of a flooded and busy shopping centre for two scenarios: (a) during a flood evacuation and (b) pre‐flood intervention to deploy a sandbag barrier. The evacuation scenario points to changes in floodwater hydrodynamics around congested areas, which either worsen (by 5–8%) or lessen (by 25%) the HR. The intervention scenario demonstrates the utility of the simulator to select an optimal barrier height and number of responders for safe and effective deployment. Accompanying details for software accessibility are provided.
