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Rural residential land consolidation based on the coupling coordination of essential factor and external regional advantages
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... The concept of location advantage has been applied to residential areas, tourist attractions, enterprise site selection, local roads, and urban development [25][26][27][28]. In the research into rural residential resettlement arrangements, locational advantage also demonstrates originality [29]. We apply this concept to multi-spatial livelihood studies in order to precisely quantify rural location conditions in various topographic areas. ...
With the strengthening of regional and urban–rural interactions, farmers’ livelihood activities are becoming increasingly complex, and environmental factors that influence farmers’ livelihoods have multi-spatial effects. Consequently, comprehending farmers’ livelihoods from a multi-spatial perspective is imperative. Based on surveys conducted in 65 villages and 451 households in Jia County on the Loess Plateau, China, rural locations were deconstructed into natural, traffic, and positional advantages to explore the relationships and mechanisms between the rural environment and farmers’ livelihood stability from local, urban–rural, and interconnected multi-spatial perspectives. We found that 77% of the villages achieved a moderate or high Rural Location Advantage Index (RLAI) rating; 45% still lack natural advantages and are mainly located in hilly and sandy areas because of the fragile ecological environment of the Loess Plateau. Additionally, the Livelihood Stability Index (LSI) was moderate overall, but with significant spatial heterogeneity, and 72% of farmers possess strong transition capacity and have shifted away from relying on monoculture as their primary livelihood strategy. While a certain coupling correspondence exists between the LSI and RLAI, the interaction is intricate rather than a simple linear agglomeration process. The spatial variation in the LSI results from the superposition or interaction of multi-spatial location factors. The rural–urban spatial location factors are the key control element of the LSI and the interaction between rural–urban and local spatial location factors has the greatest influence on the LSI. It is simple for interconnected spatial location factors to produce a scale correlation effect, and have non-negligible effects on farmers’ livelihoods when they interact with other spatial location factors. Understanding the impact of rural location on farmers’ livelihood from a multi-spatial perspective is of great practical significance for identifying the causes of spatial heterogeneity in livelihoods and enhancing multi-level policy coordination on rural revitalization and livelihood security.
As a special product of the evolution of urban-rural regional systems, rural hollowing has become a major constraint to China’s rural revitalization. This paper attempts to construct a theoretical framework of rural multidimensional hollowing from the perspective of population outflow, and to comprehensively assess the level of rural hollowing from the dimensions of population, economy and land. Based on this, this paper describes in detail the characteristics and facts of population outflow and rural hollowing in Longxi County, which is located in Longzhong Loess Hilly Regin. The key factors of rural hollowing are identified in terms of individual characteristics, geographic environment and socio-economic attributes. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Longxi County has significant spatial differences in population outflow. The proportion of floating population in the household population is as high as 28.6%. The villages with intra-provincial preferences show a “center-periphery” circle distribution pattern, and villages with extra-provincial preferences are mainly located in the boundary area. The rural hollowing level of Longxi is characterized by “economic hollowing (Eh) > population hollowing (Ph) > land hollowing (Lh)”. The hollowing level of each dimension has different spatial distribution characteristics, and the rural hollowing (Rh) level shows a spatial pattern of “high in the east and low in the west, high in the south and low in the north”. (3) The influencing factors of rural hollowing vary significantly and are greatly influenced by the geographical and socio-economic attributes of the villages. When one factor (economic or geographical environment) is dominant, low-intensity intra-provincial mobility may occur. However, when all factors are combined, a high-intensity, multi-directional flow trend emerges within and outside the province. This study contributes theoretical insights into understanding the social changes in rural areas during the rapid urbanization process where population outflows occur, and can also provide inspiration for addressing issues in rural transformation.
