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Rot and yellowing symptoms on Okra plant infected by C. spicifer-CSN-20 in the field (a, b, c). Pathogenicity test (d). C. spicifer-CSN-20 under microscope (e) and colony shape (f) . Phylogenetic relationships of isolated pathogen, Cochliobolus spicifer-CSN (Synonymy, Curvularia spicifer) and selected fungi derived from NCBI Genbank based on nuclear ribosomal internal spacer sequence (ITS) (g).
Source publication
Rot disease is responsible for serious economic losses related to okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) crops cultivated in Upper Egypt. Colonies with a consistent morphology were isolated from the infected okra stems and leaves and subjected to morphological and molecular examinations. The causal pathogen was identified as Cochliobolus spicifer based on m...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... (Awasthi, 2015). These spots may vary in color, from gray to brown and black, and as the disease progresses, yellowing, dieback, and poor vigor can be observed as common symptoms, resulting in plant death (Amaradasa and Amundsen, 2016). Our results showed that C. spicifer-CSN-20is the causal agent of stem rot and leaf-yellowing disease in okra (Fig. 1a-c); moreover, this is the first report of C. spicifer-CSN-20 as an okra pathogen. Esuruoso et al. (1975) ...
Context 2
... on the morphological and cultural characteristics viz., colonies were olive-green to dark brown colored, with septate, well-branched, and brown mycelia. Solitary and flexuous conidiophores were mid to dark brown. Conidia were cylindrical, straight, or oblong with rounded ends and 2-3 septate (Fig. 1e,f). The pathogen was identified as Cochliobolus spicifer (Synonymy, Curvularia spicifer) based on fungal morphology and microscopic features (Ellis, ...
Context 3
... similarity with all C. spicifer strains. The ITS sequences of C. spicifer were deposited in the GenBank database with accession number LC520251.1. The nucleotide sequence alignments of C. spicifer-CSN-20 and other Cochliobolus species derived from NCBI GenBank were used to construct a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree using the Mega 4 software (Fig. ...
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... okra plants sprayed with C. spicifer-CSN20exhibitedsymptoms of the disease after 1 week of incubation, which included yellowing of the leaves and spots on stems (Fig. 1d). In contrast, the control plant did not show any morphological symptoms. Cochliobolus spicifer-CSN-20was re-isolated from the diseased parts, whereas the control was fungus ...
Citations
... Docosane exhibits antimicrobial properties and has demonstrated efficacy against various microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Candida albicans [53]. Also, it has been seen that palmitic acid, specifically 2-(tetradecyloxy) ethyl ester, and tetradecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl-, and 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4,5) dec,a-6,9-diene-2,8-dione exhibit antimicrobial properties [54,55]. Some compounds are unique to the R. leguminosarum bv. ...
The bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) is one of the most serious economic diseases affecting faba bean crop production. Rhizobium spp., well known for its high nitrogen fixation capacity in legumes, has received little study as a possible biocontrol agent and antiviral. Under greenhouse conditions, foliar application of molecularly characterized Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strain 33504-Borg201 to the faba bean leaves 24 h before they were infected with BYMV made them much more resistant to the disease while also lowering its severity and accumulation. Furthermore, the treatment promoted plant growth and health, as evidenced by the increased total chlorophyll (32.75 mg/g f.wt.) and protein content (14.39 mg/g f.wt.), as well as the improved fresh and dry weights of the plants. The protective effects of 33504-Borg201 greatly lowered the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (4.92 µmol/g f.wt.) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (173.72 µmol/g f.wt.). The antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (1.58 µM/g f.wt.) and polyphenol oxidase (0.57 µM/g f.wt.) inhibited the development of BYMV in plants treated with 33504-Borg201. Gene expression analysis showed that faba bean plants treated with 33504-Borg201 had higher amounts of pathogenesis-related protein-1 (PR-1) (3.28-fold) and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (4.13-fold) than control plants. These findings demonstrate the potential of 33,504-Borg201 as a cost-effective and eco-friendly method to protect faba bean plants against BYMV. Implementing this approach could help develop a simple and sustainable strategy for protecting faba bean crops from the devastating effects of BYMV.
... Approximately 837 ha of land in Japan (approximately 12,000 t) is cultivated with okra. This crop is extremely susceptible to a number of diseases and pests and causes severe yield loss (Abdel-Motaal et al. 2022). Vascular wilt or damping-off is a major constraint of okra production. ...
Fusarium wilt is a destructive fungal disease of okra that limits okra production in the okra-growing region. In 2015, a new pathogen was identified in an okra field that caused wilt disease in okra. However, no detailed morphological, molecular, or physiological studies have been conducted to characterize this pathogen. The causal agent was identified as Fusarium buharicum by morphological characterization and elongation factor-1α gene sequencing. Moreover, to determine pathogen characteristics that may be useful for future disease management, the effects of different media, temperature, and pH on mycelium growth, conidia production, and germination were studied. Potato sucrose agar and potato dextrose agar were the best media for mycelial growth, whereas rice husk media were suitable for conidial production. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth and conidial germination was 28 °C. Meanwhile, pH ranging from 5 to 9 was suitable for both mycelial growth and conidial germination. The host range assay revealed that F. buharicum infected only okra, but not the other crops tested. Furthermore, in planta biofungicides screening showed that Ecohop (Trichoderma atroviride) reduced wilt disease incidence by 93.8% over control. Characterization of the pathogen along with biofungicide screening would be helpful for the detection and development of management practices to eliminate production loss in the okra field caused by an emerging fungal pathogen.
... Furthermore, to their beneficial applications, the phytopathogenic potencial of these fungi is also observed. In a study mentioned by Abdel-Motaal et al. 2022, the production of volatile and non-volatile compounds was investigated as a means of controlling okra rot. This approach stands out not only for lower cost but also for lower environmental impact. ...
Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that live inside plants and are a promising source of bioactive molecules. These fungi have aroused a growing interest in research due to their ability to produce a variety of substances. Thus, this study aims to emphasize the relevance of endophytic fungi present in plants as a source of bioactive compounds, which have several applications in biotechnology. For this, scientometrics was used as a methodology, based on a search in the ScienceDirect database using the terms "endophytic fungi", "plants", "metabolites" and "biotechnological application" in a time frame between 2015 and 2022. These fungi have aroused a growing interest in research due to their ability to produce a variety of bioactive compounds. The interaction between endophytic fungi and plants is crucial for plant survival, and many of the compounds produced by fungi have biotechnological potential. Scientometrics revealed an increase in the number of publications on the subject, with emphasis on research studies and reviews. The prospection of endophytic fungi has focused on families of plants with medicinal attributes. These complex interactions between fungi and plants play an important role in plant health and development. Research in this area continues to grow, with many compounds identified as potential bioactive products in diverse biotechnological applications.
... VOCs and n-VOCs generated by Fusarium solani F4-1007 (endophyte of Solenostemma arghel) had the strongest antifungal efficacy, inhibiting Cochliobolus spicifer colony formation by 37.27% and 37.1%, respectively. Penicillium oxalicum and Sarocladium kiliense were the endophytes isolated from the medicinal plant Aloe dhufarensis had strong antifungal properties against the pathogenic Fusarium sp. and during the VOCs analysis, they revealed the presence of amide, fatty acids, 1,2-diols, fatty acid methyl esters and furfuryl alcohol (Abdel-motaal et al., 2022). In addition to mycoparasitism, VOCs are very crucial for the endophyte Trichoderma to combat pathogenic fungi. ...
... Inducing plant defense reactions, producing enzymes that break down cell walls, mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and competition for resources and niches are some of the mechanisms adopted to suppress the development of fungal pathogens (Ali et al., 2020a). Endophytes associated with medicinal plants have antagonistic behavior toward phytopathogens that cause illness and can produce secondary metabolites that are antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticidal (Abdel-motaal et al., 2022). The antibiosis action of strain Talaromyces sp. ...
Introdution
Fungal endophytes are widespread and dwell inside plant cells for at least part of their life without producing any symptoms of infection. Distinct host plants may have different fungal endophyte rates and community compositions. Despite this, the endophytic fungi connected with the host plant and their hostile behaviors, remain unknown.
Methods
The objective of the current research was to isolate and identify endophytic fungal species from the root of Andrographis paniculata. The effects of fungal isolate APR5 on the mycelial growth of phytopathogens and the production of plant-promoting traits were assessed.
Results and discussion
Endophytic fungal isolate APR5 showed higher inhibitory efficacy in dual and double plate assay against the tested phytopathogenic fungi. The scanning electron microscope analysis demonstrated that the phytopathogenic fungal hyphae were coiled by endophytes which makes them shrink and disintegrate. Further, an ethyl acetate crude extract effectively suppressed the mycelium growth of Rhizoctonia solani by 75 ± 0.1% in an agar well diffusion assay. The fungal isolate APR5 was identified as Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae using the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and qualitatively evaluated for their capacity to produce plant growth-promoting hormones. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was implemented to acquire a preliminary understanding of the secondary metabolic profile of ethyl acetate crude extract. 1-octadecene, erythritol, niacin, oleic acid, phenol, pantolactone, phenyl ethyl alcohol, p-cresol, and tbutyl hydroquinone are the metabolites analyzed in a crude extract of APR5 isolate and are reported to have antimicrobial properties.
... The outcomes additionally showed that the fun gus R. solani on the PV plant seeds had higher virulence, rating 91.67% pre-and post-emergent damping-off compared to the VF plant seeds' 83.33%. The earlier studies conclusions of R. solani had a strong virulence on PV and VF [50]. ...
... The outcomes additionally showed that the fungus R. solani on the PV plant seeds had higher virulence, rating 91.67% pre-and post-emergent damping-off compared to the VF plant seeds' 83.33%. The earlier studies' conclusions of R. solani had a strong virulence on PV and VF [50]. ...
... significantly increased in PV and VF when infected with RS, the causative agent damping-off disease [50,[61][62][63]. Regarding the application of AT endophyte, earl studies have recorded that AT endophyte stimulates the accumulation of proline whi is responsible for the defense against the pathogen [23,64,65]. ...
The wide spread of plant pathogens affects the whole world, threatening national food security. Various fungi including Rhizoctonia solani induce the fungal disease damping-off that negatively affects plant seedlings’ growth. Recently, endophytic fungi are used as safe alternatives to chemical pesticides that harm plant and human health. Here, an endophytic Aspergillus terreus was isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris seeds to control damping-off diseases by improving the defense system in Phaseolus vulgaris and Vicia faba seedlings. Endophytic fungus was morphologically and genetically identified Aspergillus terreus, and it is deposited in GeneBank under accession OQ338187. A. terreus demonstrated antifungal efficacy against R. solani with an inhibition zone at 22.0 mm. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of A. terreus were between 0.3125 and 0.625 mg/mL to inhibit R. solani growth. Precisely 58.34% of the Vicia faba plants survived when A. terreus was added compared with the untreated infected (16.67%). Similarly, Phaseolus vulgaris achieved 41.67% compared to the infected (8.33%). Both groups of treated infected plants showed reduced oxidative damage (reduced Malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels) as compared to untreated infected plants. Reduced oxidative damage was correlated with the increase in photosynthetic pigments and the antioxidant defense system including polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzyme activities. Overall, the endophytic A. terreus can be considered an effective tool to control the suppression of Rhizoctonia solani in legumes, especially Phaseolus vulgaris and Vicia faba, as an alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides that harm the environment and human health.
This study explores the metabolic profiling of secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus niger associated with the medicinal plant Moringa oleifera for the discovery of anti-infective agents. Aspergillus niger was isolated and characterised based on morphological traits and molecular phylogenetic analysis, confirmed via nucleotide sequence comparison with sequences on the NCBI database. The effects of cultivation parameters – including medium composition, volume, extraction solvent, and cultivation duration – on metabolite recovery and biological activity were evaluated. Bioassays identified active extracts, which were further fractionated and purified using chromatographic techniques. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were employed to analyse the isolated metabolites. The results demonstrated that cultivation conditions significantly influenced metabolite production and extract recovery. The study revealed notable antibacterial and antifungal activities against Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Candida albicans among others, although no significant anti-leishmanial, antioxidant, or anti-inflammatory effects were observed. Metabolites identified include fumaric acid, succinic acid, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]acetamide. Notably, this study marks the first report of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol and N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]acetamide as isolated from Aspergillus niger . These findings highlight Aspergillus niger as a promising source of bioactive metabolites and provide valuable insights into its potential for the development of novel anti-infective agents.
Fruits and vegetables are an important part of the human diet, but during transportation and storage, microbial pathogens attack and spoil fruits and vegetables, causing huge economic losses to agriculture. Traditionally used chemical fungicides leave chemical residues, leading to environmental pollution and health risks. With the emphasis on food safety, biocontrol agents are attracting more and more attention due to their environmental friendliness. Endophytic fungi are present in plant tissues and do not cause host disease. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) they produce are used to control postharvest diseases due to their significant antifungal activity, as well as their volatility, safety and environmental protection characteristics. This review provides the concept and characterization of endophytic fungal VOCs, concludes the types of endophytic fungi that release antifungal VOCs and their biological control mechanisms, as well as focuses on the practical applications and the challenges of applying VOCs as fumigants. Endophytic fungal VOCs can be used as emerging biocontrol resources to control postharvest diseases that affect fruits and vegetables.
Phytopathogenic microorganisms have caused blight diseases that present significant challenges to global agriculture. These diseases result in substantial crop losses and have a significant economic impact. Due to the limitations of conventional chemical treatments in effectively and sustainably managing these diseases, there is an increasing interest in exploring alternative and environmentally friendly approaches for disease control. Using endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents has become a promising strategy in recent years. Endophytic fungi live inside plant tissues, forming mutually beneficial relationships, and have been discovered to produce a wide range of bioactive metabolites. These metabolites demonstrate significant potential for fighting blight diseases and provide a plentiful source of new biopesticides. In this review, we delve into the potential of endophytic fungi as a means of biocontrol against blight diseases. We specifically highlight their significance as a source of biologically active compounds. The review explores different mechanisms used by endophytic fungi to suppress phytopathogens. These mechanisms include competing for nutrients, producing antifungal compounds, and triggering plant defense responses. Furthermore, this review discusses the challenges of using endophytic fungi as biocontrol agents in commercial applications. It emphasizes the importance of conducting thorough research to enhance their effectiveness and stability in real-world environments. Therefore, bioactive metabolites from endophytic fungi have considerable potential for sustainable and eco-friendly blight disease control. Additional research on endophytes and their metabolites will promote biotechnology solutions.
Endophytes are microorganisms that inhabit various plant parts and cause no damage to the host plants. During the last few years, a number of novel endophytic fungi have been isolated and identified from medicinal plants and were found to be utilized as bio-stimulants and bio fertilizers. In lieu of this, the present study aims to isolate and identify endophytic fungi associated with the leaves of Anisomeles indica L. an important medicinal plant of the Terai-Duars region of West Bengal. A total of ten endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of A. indica and five were identified using ITS1/ ITS4 sequencing based on their ability for plant growth promotion, secondary metabolite production, and extracellular enzyme production. Endophytic fungal isolates were identified as Colletotrichum yulongense Ai1, Colletotrichum cobbittiense Ai2, Colletotrichum alienum Ai2.1, Colletotrichum
cobbittiense Ai3, and Fusarium equiseti. Five isolates tested positive for their plant growth promotion potential, while isolates Ai4. Ai1, Ai2, and Ai2.1 showed significant production of secondary metabolites viz. alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, etc. Isolate Ai2 showed maximum total phenolic concentration (25.98 mg g−1), while isolate Ai4 showed maximum total flavonoid concentration (20.10 mg g−1). Significant results were observed for the production of extracellular enzymes such as cellulases, amylases, laccases, lipases, etc. The isolates significantly influenced the seed germination percentage of tomato seedlings and augmented their growth and development under in vitro assay. The present work comprehensively tested these isolates and ascertained their huge application for the commercial utilization of these isolates both in the agricultural and industrial sectors.
Endophytic fungi colonize interior plant tissue and mostly form mutualistic associations with their host plant.
Plant-endophyte interaction is a complex mechanism and is currently a focus of research to understand the
underlying mechanism of endophyte asymptomatic colonization, the process of evading plant immune response,
modulation of gene expression, and establishment of a balanced mutualistic relationship. Fungal endophytes rely
on plant hosts for nutrients, shelter, and transmission and improve the host plant’s tolerance against biotic
stresses, including —herbivores, nematodes, bacterial, fungal, viral, nematode, and other phytopathogens.
Endophytic fungi have been reported to improve plant health by reducing and eradicating the harmful effect of
phytopathogens through competition for space or nutrients, mycoparasitism, and through direct or indirect
defense systems by producing secondary metabolites as well as by induced systemic resistance (ISR). Additionally,
for efficient crop improvement, practicing them would be a fruitful step for a sustainable approach. This
review article summarizes the current research progress in plant-endophyte interaction and the fungal endophyte
mechanism to overcome host defense responses, their subsequent colonization, and the establishment of a
balanced mutualistic interaction with host plants. This review also highlighted the potential of fungal endophytes
in the amelioration of biotic stress. We have also discussed the relevance of various bioactive compounds possessing
antimicrobial potential against a variety of agricultural pathogens. Furthermore, endophyte-mediated ISR
is also emphasized.
