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Paleolithic/Neolithic (Megalithic) Lineal Scripts have been found in big or small rocks with or without megalithic context. Huelva (South West Spain) megalithic rocks presented engraved signs apparently contained in the Iberian-Tartessian semi-syllabary and this region is in the core of Tartessian civilization. Iberian-Tartessian scripts have been...
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Context 1
... where these signs have been found are open air rocks or a shelter-cave at a dry ancient Sahara river bed side ( Fig. 1). Some of the signs ( Fig. 1) are the same and repeated in a wide extension geographic area. Some of rock carved Iberian-Tartessian signs at Canary Islands are linked each other like those of Lybic alphabet in the same Islands: this is probably because of a try to minimize effort to engrave exact signs on volcanic ...
Context 2
... where these signs have been found are open air rocks or a shelter-cave at a dry ancient Sahara river bed side ( Fig. 1). Some of the signs ( Fig. 1) are the same and repeated in a wide extension geographic area. Some of rock carved Iberian-Tartessian signs at Canary Islands are linked each other like those of Lybic alphabet in the same Islands: this is probably because of a try to minimize effort to engrave exact signs on volcanic ...
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... area where Iberian-Tartessian scripts are found: details of scripts (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). ...
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... 2000; Arnaiz-Villena & Alonso- García 2001;, which covered Europe and North Africa at least after thousands years BC. It is difficult to maintain such a wide extension like the map shows in Fig. 1 (at least) during thousand years without many commercial or other types of contacts or a wide geographical political religious unit having a Mother Goddess basic religion. This culture goes together with Lineal Megalithic Scripts which are sometimes admixed ...
Citations
... In the present paper we aim to preliminary analyze the scripts contained in this "The Antequera Slate", approach their possible meaning and give them a temporary context: 1) pre-Iberian (Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2022a); 2) Iberian (Gómez-Moreno 1949;1962); 3) Phoenician (not used this slate support); or 4) in the so-called "Visigoth slates" Antequera city is placed in Andalucía, southern Spain, and near other important cities like Malaga, Seville and Granada. The archaeological site "Villa de la Estacion" (Antequera old train station Villa) is the place where this tablet was found (Romero et al. ,2006) ...
... Many rocks and stones from Iberia and Canary Islands have them but chronology may be very different in different rocks and / or places. These findings comprise a big area including Algerian Sahara, Canary Islands and southern Iberia (Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2022a, 2022c, 2022d. In addition, it is not discarded that a figure (animal or other) might be or may have been represented at table. ...
... -Villena et al. 2020a;2020b;2021a;2021b;2022b;2022c; 2022d; 2023, Arnaiz-Villena and Juarez 2023a) (Fig. 7). They are found in rocks and stones of Iberia, Sahara and Canary Is in a megalithic context (thousand years BC) or not (Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2022a). Origin of such a lineal script may have been originated by the Saharan culture brought to Europe and Mediterranean Basin from Green Sahara migrants when desertification started between 10,000 -5,000 years BP (Arnaiz-Villena 2000; Suarez-Trujillo et al. 2023) (Fig. 8). ...
The Antequera Slate is a striking scripted finding in the Roman “Villa de la Estacion” (Railway Station Villa) archaeological site which was in use in its Roman known period approximately between 100 years BC and 450 AD. Some of the slate incised signs were familiar to us because they were similar to the so-called pre-Iberian-Tartessian scripted incise or picketed signs found in a Megalithic context or not in rocks and stones in Iberia, Canary Islands and Algerian Sahara. The antiquity of these signs may vary depending the place but some may have been done thousands of years BC. We have put forward that these Antequera Slate signs may be pre-Iberian-Tartessian that had remained in Iberian autochthonous rural or aristocratic people during centuries, but a firm conclusion is premature. Otherwise, the scripts are not done in Roman or any other standard writing. Visigoth scripted slates were started to be performed in Central West Iberia when Visigoths appeared in Iberia, together with Suebi, Vandals and Alans. The Antequera Slate incise signs may have been originated by these new cultures, but no Visigoth tables signs have been found with similar signs to Antequera Slate signs. Taking into account that we do not now either the language/symbols or writing of many Visigothic slates (5th- 8th century AD) nor the Antequera Slate, we also agree with other scholars that this is an important enigma which does not fit with archaeology, anthropology and history of Iberian Peninsula and that all these disciplines should be revised in the context detailed in this and others work.
... It is likely that both religion and scripts evolved together. The initial Iberian-Tartessian scripts may have emerged in the midst of the Linear Megalithic rock scripts, as seen in examples such as the Cumbres Mayores Dolmen, San Bartolomé Dolmen (Leisner & Leisner 1943;Cerdán et al. 1952;1975;Sousa et al. 2020;Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2022a;2022b;2022c), and the Alcalar Dolmen (the Alcalar Stoneslab). On the other hand, an older Linear Paleolithic Script has been documented and reliably dated in South Africa by the A comprehensive review of the Mother Goddess Religion can be found in works by Gimbutas (1991), Graham (1996), Campbell (2013), Piquero (2017), and Lacalle-Rodríguez (2019). ...
... Meaning of signs could be explained by the Paleolithic/Neolithic religion of the Mother (Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2022c) and it finally could have given rise to Iberan-Tartessian signary (Appendix I) and more clear Iberian-Tartessian symbols in rocks (See Appendix II). ...
... Iberian-Tartessian scripts were observed by Leisners couple in 1951 on this artifact (Museo de Huelva, Spain). It is engraved in Iberian-Tartessian minute signs(Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2022c). ...
Tartessos culture is placed in a wide area in southern Portugal and Spain after archeological and documental studies. Its placement is concordant with that of West Euromediterranean ancient Megaliths, which were constructed at the Bronze Age (5000 year BC or before at Alcalar Dolmen (Portimao, Portugal), where Palelolithic arrows are found. These Megaliths construction and the people that built them up may be related to the metal richness of the core Tartessian Area: The Iberian Pyrite Belt which is rich in gold, silver, copper, iron, and others within this territory. Prehistoric documents place this area around Huelva, Cadiz (Spain) and South Portugal. Age of Tartessos may be older than established (centuries BC): Strabo said that Tartessians wrote 6000 years before. Indeed, we have found Megalithic Linear Scripts in a Megalith context (or not) in Tartessian area, Canary Islands and South Algerian Sahara, Mt Ahaggar area. These may represent a Megalithic Age writing which gave rise to IberianTartessian and other lineal signaries. Humboldt and all previous studies had established since 1st century AD that Basque language was old Iberian-Tartessian language. This has been hotly dismissed in the last 75 years by some Spanish scholars. However, the appearance (2023) of Irulegui Hand written in both Basque and Iberian has brought back the Basque-Iberism. Finally, relatedness with West and East Iberia is evident, because they use the same type of Ibrerian Tartessian writing and Levant Iberian statues (Lady of Cabeza-Lucero, Alicante, Spain) have almost the same Tartessian sculptured face schematic structure which has been recently found in Tartessos West Spain (Casas de Turuñuelo, Badajoz, Spain).
... Neolithic figurines are an extension of Paleolithic ones (Fig. 14). This culture goes together with Lineal Megalithic Scripts which are sometimes admixed with Iberian-Tartessian scripts (Leisner & Leisner 1943;Cerdán et al. 1952;1975;Sousa et al. 2020;Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2022a;2022b Mayores Dolmen, San Bartolomé Dolmen (Fig. 10) (Leisner & Leisner 1943;Cerdán et al. 1952;1975;Sousa et al. 2020;Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2022a;2022b) (1991), Graham (1996), Campbell (2013), Piquero (2017) and Lacalle-Rodríguez (2019). ...
... Neolithic figurines are an extension of Paleolithic ones (Fig. 14). This culture goes together with Lineal Megalithic Scripts which are sometimes admixed with Iberian-Tartessian scripts (Leisner & Leisner 1943;Cerdán et al. 1952;1975;Sousa et al. 2020;Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2022a;2022b Mayores Dolmen, San Bartolomé Dolmen (Fig. 10) (Leisner & Leisner 1943;Cerdán et al. 1952;1975;Sousa et al. 2020;Arnaiz-Villena et al. 2022a;2022b) (1991), Graham (1996), Campbell (2013), Piquero (2017) and Lacalle-Rodríguez (2019). ...
... Genetics supports that similar people were established in Iberia and Northern Africa, exchanging genes throughout the Gibraltar Strait since Paleolithic times (Arnaiz-Villena et al. 1995;Arnaiz-Villena et al. 1997;Currat et al. 2010;Botigue et al. 2013;González-Fortes et al. 2019). -Villena et al. 2013;2022b). ...
Lineal Megalithic Scripts (LMS) have been found in the Alcalar Dolmen complex (Portimao, Portugal) in a stoneslab which is located close to the reconstructed Dolmen 7. Exact situation of the megalithic Alcalar Stoneslab and scripts placing are shown in this paper. Their preliminar analysis has given also finding of some Iberian-Tartessian signs common to Cumbres Mayores Dolmens (Huelva, Spain), and other signs also found in Sahara Desert (Tim Missaou, Algeria) and Canary Islands rocks. The presence of these LMS admixed with some signs contained in the Iberian-Tartessian signary suggests a transition between LMS and lineal Tartessian signary. A religious funerary transcription has been proposed to these Tartessian signs based on Basque and ancient Iberian-Tartessian language close relatedness. The fact that Tartessian culture is located at Portuguese Algarve and Spanish Andalusia fits with the finding that both in Portugal (Alcalar) and Spain (Cumbres Mayores) Dolmens are found Iberian-Tartessian signs that may be as old as the megaliths (3-4 thousand years BC). It is also proposed that this development and concentration of megaliths in Algarve (Portugal) and Andalusia (Spain) is related to Tartessos civilization in the area which would follow the South Iberia Pyrite Belt, rich in cooper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au) and iron (Fe), that crosses South Portugal and Spain; Tartessos would be somewhat attached to the Iberian Pyrite Belt source of richness. Leisners archaeologists also observed and photographed "Iberian" signs in the San Bartolomé Dolmen (Huelva, Spain) in 1951 AD; they described here "Iberian" scripts in a small artifact most likely is a slinger soldier ("hondero") projectile who could exixt since 3-4000 BC in South Spain
... Caucasus languages were included within the ancient Dene-Caucasian group of languages (Basques, Caucasians, Athabaskans, Apache Navajo, etc.) [7]. However, we included Caucasus languages in the very old Mediterranean languages substratum (the Usko-Mediterranean languages) talked by the "Usko-Mediterranean peoples" [13][14][15][16][17]. Extant languages of this group are Basque (related or very similar to old Iberian-Tartessian), North African Berber and Caucasus languages; dead Usko-Mediterranean languages are for example ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Minoan Lineal A, Hittite and other Mediterranean ones (Fig. 2, Supplementary Material). ...
... However, we included Caucasus languages in the very old Mediterranean languages substratum (the Usko-Mediterranean languages) talked by the "Usko-Mediterranean peoples" [13][14][15][16][17]. Extant languages of this group are Basque (related or very similar to old Iberian-Tartessian), North African Berber and Caucasus languages; dead Usko-Mediterranean languages are for example ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Minoan Lineal A, Hittite and other Mediterranean ones (Fig. 2, Supplementary Material). They all may have a common origin coming from Sahara/Canary Islands/Iberia Cultural Prehistoric Circle (Fig. 2, Supplementary Material) [15,16]. ...
Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.
Tindaya volcano is a sacred Guanche (or Majo)* mountain, Canary Islands, Spain. This mountain was probably a religious / pilgrimage place for Guanche/Majo people. Many of its rocks are covered by lineal and figurative motifs with incised or picketed (carved) technology the most abundant reported are podomorphs, which in the Atlantic European façade usually point towards either the summer solstice sunset or the sunset yearly arch at these latitudes (Northwest direction). Podomorphs are generally admixed with other motifs in the rock panel. Among these motifs are the so called Ibero-Guanche incised Lineal Megalithic Scripts or pre-Guanche-Iberian signs. These are similar to those found in other Canary Islands, Algerian Sahara Desert or Iberia, some of them scripted in dolmens themselves (5-3,000 years BC). This finding at Tindaya volcano supports a very early Fuerteventura Island, longer before than Punic or Roman influence, if any; podomorphs todays Bronze Age chronology in Iberia supports ancient peopling in Fuerteventura and other Canary Islands. In the present paper we analyse these incise Iberian-Guanche (or earlier) writing and put forward a mainly religious/ funeral meaning in the context of the Paleolithic/Neoithic widespread Religion of the Mother. The Saharo-Canarian cultural circle may have been the origin of Eurafrican and Mediterranean Lineal scripts, like Runes, Iberian Tartessian, Etruscan, Lepontic, Minoan Lineal A and others. Particularly Iberian- Guanche scripts and their probable precursor Linela Megalithic signs also present in Sahara supports that Saharan people migration when desertification started about 10,000 BC was origin of this culture. *Majos= Lanzarote and Fuerteventura Islands inhabitants.
The contribution of migrated people from once green Sahara (about 10,000–6000 years bc) towards Mediterranean area had probably a double effect: both genetic and cultural connections have been described between Western Europe and North Africa. Sudanese populations from different ethnicities have been studied for HLA-A, -B, -DRB1 and -DQB1 antigens by a standard microlymphotoxicity method. Results found show that Nubians are genetically related with African Sub-Saharan populations and distant from other Sudanese tribes, who are closer to Mediterranean populations than to Sub-Saharan ones. This is concordant with other authors and meta-analysis data. Our present work is, to our knowledge, the first and only one HLA research that studies Sudanese people according to different Sudan ethnic groups: samples were collected before Sudan partition between North and South. A prehistoric genetic and peoples exchange between Africa and the Mediterranean basin may be observed and is supported with the results obtained in this Sudanese HLA study. However, demic diffusion model of agriculture and other anthropological traits from Middle East to West Europe/Maghreb do not exist: a more detailed Sahel and North African countries ancient and recent admixture studies are also being carried out which may clearer explain pastoralists/agriculture innovations origins in Eurafrican Mediterranean and Atlantic façade.
The Hand of Irulegi is a Iberian bronze plate with a hand shape which is scripted with Iberian-Tartesian signs and has been found in an archaeological site (at Mt Irulegi) close to Pamplona, Navarre (Spain). It was probably fabricated at the 1st century BC to be hanged at the outside house door. Part os the Iberian signs have been officially transcripted and translated by official scholars by using Basque meaning of Iberian wording. It implies that Basque- Iberism returns to official scholars after about 70 years of dismissal. In this work, we have proposed a transcription and translation of the full four lines of the inscription by using phonetic-semantic similarities between Basque and Iberian wording and Iberian-Tartessian signary. Translation has come out to be in the Hospitium Iberian striking (to Romans) custum/tradition which consisted of a warm invitation and reception to foreigners to be hosted in the house. Also, it is now possible that Iberian-Tartessian rock scripts at Canary Islands may also be studied by official Iberian scholars and also the possible early origins of Iberian–Tartessian signary on the Lineal Megalith Scripts found in rocks in Mediterranean and Atlantic EuroAfrica. The main conclusion about “The Irulegi Hand” Iberian writing meaning is that it is within the frame of foreigners invitation to be hosted Iberian tradition or “Hospitium”. However, work on the exact meaning is not yet finished.
