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Road Impact, 2004-June 2011, BR-364 Highway (A)  

Road Impact, 2004-June 2011, BR-364 Highway (A)  

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Technical Report
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Habitat conversion is contributing to widespread loss of biodiversity and other critical ecosystem services, yet, in many parts of the world, the scale and pattern of habitat loss goes unmonitored. The main goal of this study is to provide tools that will allow the analysis of the impact of largescale road infrastructure projects on natural habitat...

Citations

... Using the remote sensing images individually, one could monitor the spatial changes of ecological processes resulted from various human activities and natural disturbances [92]. Many multidisciplinary studies had been conducted to evaluate the potential ecological effects of roads. ...
Article
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Highways provide key social and economic functions but generate a wide range of environmental consequences that are poorly quantified and understood. Here, we developed a before–during–after control-impact remote sensing (BDACI-RS) approach to quantify the spatial and temporal changes of environmental impacts during and after the construction of the Wujing Highway in China using three buffer zones (0–100 m, 100–500 m, and 500–1000 m). Results showed that land cover composition experienced large changes in the 0–100 m and 100–500 m buffers while that in the 500–1000 m buffer was relatively stable. Vegetation and moisture conditions, indicated by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), respectively, demonstrated obvious degradation–recovery trends in the 0–100 m and 100–500 m buffers, while land surface temperature (LST) experienced a progressive increase. The maximal relative changes as annual means of NDVI, NDMI, and LST were about −40%, −60%, and 12%, respectively, in the 0–100m buffer. Although the mean values of NDVI, NDMI, and LST in the 500–1000 m buffer remained relatively stable during the study period, their spatial variabilities increased significantly after highway construction. An integrated environment quality index (EQI) showed that the environmental impact of the highway manifested the most in its close proximity and faded away with distance. Our results showed that the effect distance of the highway was at least 1000 m, demonstrated from the spatial changes of the indicators (both mean and spatial variability). The approach proposed in this study can be readily applied to other regions to quantify the spatial and temporal changes of disturbances of highway systems and subsequent recovery.
... The observed FOI profile suggests that VEEV infections increased in Pirre 1-2 and Pijibasal and Mercadeo, locations surrounded by tropical forest, whereas MADV infections increased mostly in Aruza, a formerly forested area converted to agricultural land over 30 years ago. 29 Although ecological changes could be associated with the increased exposure to MADV in Aruza, it is unclear which drivers could also explain the simultaneous increase in VEEV we estimated. ...
Article
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Madariaga virus (MADV) has recently been associated with severe human disease in Panama, where the closely related Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) also circulates. In June 2017, a fatal MADV infection was confirmed in a community of Darien Province. We conducted a cross-sectional outbreak investigation with human and mosquito collections in July 2017, where sera were tested for alphavirus antibodies and viral RNA. In addition, by applying a catalytic, force-of-infection (FOI) statistical model to two serosurveys from Darien Province in 2012 and 2017, we investigated whether endemic or epidemic alphavirus transmission occurred historically. In 2017, MADV and VEEV IgM seroprevalences were 1.6% and 4.4%, respectively; IgG antibody prevalences were MADV: 13.2%, VEEV: 16.8%, Una virus (UNAV): 16.0%, and Mayaro virus: 1.1%. Active viral circulation was not detected. Evidence of MADV and UNAV infection was found near households, raising questions about its vectors and enzootic transmission cycles. Insomnia was associated with MADV and VEEV infections, depression symptoms were associated with MADV, and dizziness with VEEV and UNAV. Force-of-infection analyses suggest endemic alphavirus transmission historically, with recent increased human exposure to MADV and VEEV in Aruza and Mercadeo, respectively. The lack of additional neurological cases suggests that severe MADV and VEEV infections occur only rarely. Our results indicate that over the past five decades, alphavirus infections have occurred at low levels in eastern Panama, but that MADV and VEEV infections have recently increased-potentially during the past decade. Endemic infections and outbreaks of MADV and VEEV appear to differ spatially in some locations of eastern Panama.
... Brazil's operational forest disturbance alert system, DETER (for its acronym in Portuguese) relies on high temporal resolution but coarse spatial resolution (250-m to 5-km pixel) satellite data inputs (Shimabukuro et al., 2013), similar to global forest disturbance detection systems that emerged in the past decade, (e.g., Reymondin et al., 2013;Potter, 2014;Wheeler et al., 2014). The upgraded DETER-B system, operational since 2013, now detects forest changes at 60-m resolution (Diniz et al., 2015). ...
Article
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Conservation early warning and alert systems (CEAS) provide tremendous opportunities to inform strategic and effective environmental responses. However, these systems are not systematically evaluated based on how they are contributing to conservation outcomes. We survey the current state of systems enabled by satellite monitoring to support tropical forest management and highlight their recent proliferation and the sparse evaluations of these systems in terms of user adoption and application for improving conservation decisions. To guide practitioners, funders and policymakers to choose the appropriate tool for the application, we distinguish two types of CEAS, Rapid Response and Targeted Response, characterized by the user application and the timeframe for decision‐making. These tools are distinct from monitoring tools used for policy and planning which require routine, high‐accuracy and quantifiable estimates of land cover change. We see a need for more systematic evaluations quantifying their environmental and socioeconomic benefits and improved indicators measuring progress toward achieving conservation outcomes. To inform system developers, we summarize best practices for increasing system adoption and use gleaned from seasoned applications of early warning and alert systems for conservation and humanitarian applications. Engaging diverse stakeholders, building permanent capacity, increasing accessibility and interpretability of the information, and communicating the information value to decision‐makers help root these systems into decision‐making processes. Incorporating local knowledge and on‐the‐ground monitoring information from stakeholders can improve alert accuracy while respectfully honoring local knowledge and garnering stakeholder trust in the systems. Strengthening cross‐institutional networks, building political support, and allocating adequate resources empower decision‐makers to act upon the information. Addressing today’s urgent conservation challenges requires linking accessible, trusted and effective CEAS to empowered people taking conservation actions. Conservation early warning and alert systems provide tremendous opportunities to inform strategic and effective environmental responses. However, these systems are not systematically evaluated based on how they are contributing to conservation outcomes. We survey the current state of conservation early warning and alert systems enabled by satellite monitoring to support tropical forest management and distinguish two types of systems characterized by the user‐application and the timeframe for decision making, Rapid Response and Targeted Response. We see a need for more systematic evaluations that quantify their environmental and socio‐economic benefits and improved indicators that measure progress towards achieving conservation outcomes. To inform system developers, we summarize best practices for increasing system adoption and use gleaned from seasoned applications of early warning and alert systems for conservation and humanitarian applications.
... Gupta, S. and Roy, M. 2012 [12] explains the Land use land cover classification of Burdwan municipality with the help of LISS-IV imagery. Reymondin, et al, 2013 [13] postulated that "The development of road projects in high value ecosystems and nearby protected natural areas increases pressure on natural habitats, threatens biodiversity conservation, and encourages the conversion of forest land into agricultural land". Daigle, P. 2010 [14] stated that" Road effects on terrestrial and aquatic wildlife, plant communities and physical elements found across landscapes in British Columbia" ...
... Gupta, S. and Roy, M. 2012 [12] explains the Land use land cover classification of Burdwan municipality with the help of LISS-IV imagery. Reymondin, et al, 2013 [13] postulated that "The development of road projects in high value ecosystems and nearby protected natural areas increases pressure on natural habitats, threatens biodiversity conservation, and encourages the conversion of forest land into agricultural land". Daigle, P. 2010 [14] stated that" Road effects on terrestrial and aquatic wildlife, plant communities and physical elements found across landscapes in British Columbia" ...
Article
Full-text available
Exponential growth of fastest urbanization and effective phenomenon of urban expansion is very common and reciprocal content of discussion in developing countries especially in India. In this regard Siliguri city is not an exception as it has been expanded since its inception because of its role as a transit town which caters dealers and businessman in wholesale and retail business with adjacent bordering areas. The development of Asian Highway Network is a cooperative Project among the countries in Asia, Europe and the United Nations Economic and social Commission for Asia and Pacific (ESCAP) to improve the connectivity and Accessibility of the highway system in Asia. As a part of AH project is associated with setting up two Asian Highways connecting three neighbouring countries through the districts of North Bengal followed by AH-2 connecting Panitanki near Siliguri on India-Nepal border and Fulbari in the same district with India-Bangladesh border. Therefore in this research paper temporal change detection analysis has been taken into consideration based on collected satellite image from earth explorer followed by land use and land cover (LULC) change between pre and post developmental project. However in this paper, an attempt has been made to point out the impact of this project along the linear corridor of Siliguri-Jalpaiguri as land use and land cover change and related regional development followed by SWOT analysis and change detection model of interpretation.
... At the same time, forests began to regenerate in regions farther away from the roads (Laurance, Goosem, & Laurance, 2009). Reymondin et al. (2013) study five infrastructure projects for Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, Panama and Bolivia, where these new roads led to forest exploitation, deforestation and expansion of the agricultural frontier to new, unexploited regions. Furthermore, in Brazil, Pfaff (1999) and in Bolivia, Kaimowitz, Méndez, Puntodewo, and Vanclay (2002), highlight that unexploited soil of better quality together with new roads increased the probability of deforestation in order to expand agricultural exploitations for Brazil and Bolivia, respectively. ...
... However, as transport cost decreases, imports become cheaper and the advantage of being in the largest region diminishes. For example, the construction of new roads increases the profitability of the exploitation of forest and soil in distant areas in Laos, the Philippines, Paraguay, Brazil, Peru, Panama and Bolivia, encouraging the expansion and dispersion of the economic activity (Laurance et al., 2009;Reymondin et al., 2013). ...
Article
This paper develops an extension of Krugman’s Core–Periphery (CP) model by considering a competitive primary sector that extracts a renewable natural resource. The dynamics of the resource give rise to a new dispersion force: the resource effect. If primary goods are not tradable, lower trade costs boost dispersion, and the agglomeration–dispersion transition is sudden or smooth depending on the productivity of the primary sector. Cyclic behaviours arise for high levels of productivity in resource extraction. If primary goods are tradable, in most cases, the symmetric equilibrium goes from stable to unstable as the openness of trade increases.
... Recently, the advent of monthly and annual remote sensing databases has led to the first spatial estimation exercises that explicitly incorporate economic dynamics (Wheeler et al., 2011;Dasgupta et al., 2014). Direct impact studies in Latin America using the new databases have 4 included high-resolution work on new road construction and deforestation in Brazil, where satellite monitoring has been available for a longer period (Laurance et al., 2009) and Bolivia, Panama, Paraguay and Peru (Reymondin et al., 2013). ...
... Paraguayan ecosystems are facing a threat of extreme habitat destruction such as around the Trans-Chaco Highway (Re- ymondin, Argote et al. 2013). Indeed, as recently shown by the Terra-i project (Reymondin, Jarvis et al. 2012), Paraguay is the second most deforested Latin-American country (behind Brazil) in terms of hectares and has the highest rates of deforestation in Between 1987 and 2014, about 215,000 hectares of native forest were lost in the di- rect area of influence of the road. ...
Article
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This study analyzes the past, current and potential future deforestation resulting from the improvement of the road segment between San Juan Nepomuceno and the 6th route (PR-L1080) in Southeastern Paraguay. For the purpose of the analysis, the study used satellite images to detect deviations from the usual pattern of vegetation and thus identify anthropogenic change. The deforestation baseline in the study area was defined using Landsat imagery from 1987 to 2014. Using this baseline and additional datasets such as distance to roads, distance to rivers, ecosystems and elevation, a map of deforestation risk was developed at national scale and then applied in the area of influence of the studied road. For the period 2000-2014, Paraguay recorded a very high deforestation rate of 0.77% per year, while the average deforestation rate in South America as a whole is around 0.41% per year. The main causes of deforestation in Paraguay are cattle ranching, agriculture activities and infrastructure development. Currently, most of the deforestation occurs in the Dry Chaco region of Paraguay located in the north of the country. A map of potential deforestation for the year 2023 was created based on the current rates of deforestation detected using Landsat imagery and the different levels of deforestation risk in a given area. Finally, potential future deforestation rates were calculated for the studied area. The results show that the implementation of this infrastructure project will potentially increase deforestation by 1.41% in the study area, especially, if appropriate measures for the management of natural resources are not undertaken. As a path of dirt road already exists and given the geographical conditions within the studied area, the risk of deforestation is currently very high even if the road is not paved yet. Therefore, the project of paving the current dirt road has a relatively low impact on the deforestation risk in the study area and the deforestation rates are predicted to be high with or without the road project implementation. Forests in this area are therefore already under a significant amount of pressure. Indeed, if the road is built the model predicts an estimated forest loss of 15,603 hectares during the next 10 years in the direct area of influence of the road, a substantial loss in the context of deforestation restrictions in the Paraguayan regulatory framework. These findings clearly indicate the indirect impacts that road infrastructure projects (improvement, pavement and construction) could have on land use change (via habitat loss and increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions). They also reconfirm the importance of not only ex-ante and detailed environmental impact assessments that should accompany any infrastructure project, but also of national and local policies aimed at discouraging deforestation and promoting compensation and habitat protection schemes, especially in areas known as important carbon sinks and essential for biodiversity conservation.
... Likewise, in Peru most of deforestation occurred in the Departments located in the Amazon (Amazonas, Loreto, Madre de Dios, San Martin, and Ucayali). It was associated not only with agricultural expansion (MINAM Peru, 2009), but also with the construction of the IIRSA corridor that facilitated human settlement and encouraged the cutting of forests (Reymondin et al., 2013). According to the same study, deforestation occurred in a buffer zone of 10 km around the road. ...
Preprint
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Background . Madariaga virus (MADV), has recently been associated with severe human disease in Panama, where the closely related Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) also circulates. In June, 2017, a fatal MADV infection was confirmed in a community of Darien province. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional outbreak investigation with human and mosquito collections in July 2017, where sera were tested for alphavirus antibodies and viral RNA. Additionally, by applying a catalytic, force-of-infection statistical model to two serosurveys from Darien province in 2012 and 2017, we investigated whether endemic or epidemic alphavirus transmission occurred historically. Results. In 2017, MADV and VEEV IgM seroprevalence was 1.6% and 4.4%, respectively; IgG antibody prevalences were MADV: 13.2%; VEEV: 16.8%; Una virus (UNAV): 16.0%; and Mayaro virus (MAYV): 1.1%. Active viral circulation was not detected.Evidence of MADV and UNAV infection was found near households — raising questions about its vectors and enzootic transmission cycles. Insomnia was associated with MADV and VEEV infection, depression symptoms were associated with MADV, and dizziness withVEEVand UNAV. Force-of-infection analyses suggest endemic alphavirus transmission historically, with recent increased human exposure to MADV and VEEV in some regions. Conclusions . The lack of additional neurological cases suggest that severe MADV and VEEV infections occur only rarely. Our results indicate that, over the past five decades, alphavirus infections have occurred at low levels in eastern Panama, but that MADV and VEEV infections have recently increased — potentially during the past decade. Endemic infections and outbreaks of MADV and VEEV appear to differ spatially.