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The COVID-19 pandemic devastated the cruise sector with an initial global shutdown and ongoing patchy resumption, widespread reporting of virus transmission onboard and billions of dollars in economic losses. This study explores how COVID-19 has impacted Australian and UK consumers’ risk perceptions, revealing cruises are no longer considered “safe...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... following Thomas et al.'s (2001) suggestion, it was clear removing these items had not affected the nature of the scales, as the correlations between the original and revised scales were 0.98 for the cruising scale and 0.81 for international travel. The descriptive statistics obtained for the three risk scales after these revisions can be seen in Table 2. As can be seen in the Table, cruising and international travel rated as high risk (5.87 and 5.79 respectively), while domestic travel was less risky. ...Context 2
... 52% M: 46% F 44% M: 56% F 41% M: 59% F 45% M: 55% F 71% M: 29% F 47% M: 53% F Country 77% AU: 23% UK 88% AU: 12% UK 78% AU: 22% UK 74% AU: 26% UK 47% AU: 53% UK 77% AU: 23% UK Average Age 54 years 57 years 58 years 52 years 55 years 55 and better medical staff and facilities. There was also a clear preference for smaller ships that were less likely to pose a health risk. ...Similar publications
The COVID-19 pandemic devastated substantial portions of the tourism industry; the cruise industry particularly suffered from negative publicity as the virus spread rapidly on cruise ships. The pandemic is a disaster that the industry has been forced to adapt to. This study illustrates, through a mixed-methods research design, what factors cruisefe...
Citations
... In the cruise tourism context, if there is a high perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, people who perceive a high level of health risk are more likely to exhibit protective behaviors (e.g. avoiding taking cruises) in order to reduce that risk (Holland, Mazzarol, Soutar, Tapsall, & Elliott, 2021). For this reason, compared to anti-vaccination travelers, pro-vaccination travelers' intention to take a cruise is more dependent on the level of the perceived risk of infection. ...
Purpose
This study aims to extend the cognitive appraisal theory by developing and validating a conceptual framework to illustrate how travelers' behavioral intention is generated via a multi-stage evaluation of health-related variables.
Design/methodology/approach
SEM and moderator analysis were conducted to examine the theoretical framework (post-intervention event travel intention) and to investigate how the appraisal process differs across travelers with various attitudes toward vaccination.
Findings
This study found that cruise travel intention was positively influenced by the perceived hedonic value and perceived trustworthiness and negatively influenced by perceived infection risk. Furthermore, whereas perceived hedonic value, perceived trustworthiness and perceived risk of infection were all predicted by crisis management, the dimensions of crisis management operated differently. In addition, vaccination attitudes amplified the unfavorable effect of perceived risk on intention.
Originality/value
Drawing on the CAT, this study developed and validated a conceptual framework to integrate crisis management with customers' behavioral intentions. This study extends existing cruise travel intention theory by demonstrating how post-pandemic travelers' behavioral intention is generated via a multi-stage appraisal-reappraisal process based on the evaluations of infection risks and cruise line crisis management.
... A 2001. szeptember 11-i támadás óta, valamint a további terrorista támadások és a természeti katasztrófák számának növekedésével párhuzamosan exponenciálisan bővülnek a kockázati kutatások (McCartney, 2008). A tanulmányok egyes fogyasztói szegmenseket (például a hátizsákos turistákat (Adam, 2015)), vagy turisztikai terméket (például óceánjáró hajókon való utazást (Holland, Mazzarol, Soutar, Tapsall & Elliott, 2021)) érintenek az észlelt kockázatok azonosítása és csökkentése témakörében, de az ösztönző utazások biztonsági kockázatainak vizsgálata turisztikai és rendészeti oldalról újdonságot jelent. ...
Az incentív utazásokat a vállalkozások a munkavállalóik ösztönzésére alkalmazzák, a témakör biztonsággal való kapcsolata kutatási résnek tekinthető. Jelen tanulmány célja az incentív utazásokon részt vevő munkavállalók kockázatészlelésének és kockázatcsökkentési stratégiáinak vizsgálata. A szerzők a kvalitatív kutatás során 43 olyan munkavállalót kérdeztek meg, akik 2017-2021 között utaztak incentív turisztikai célból. A vizsgálat során az utazásokon átélt veszélyeket, illetve a biztonságot garantáló elemek feltárását végezték el. Az incentív utazásokkal kapcsolatos kockázatészlelés tárgykörében hat másodrendű faktort tártak fel: a közbiztonság hiányából, az egészségi állapotból, a problémás teljesítményből, az információhiányból, a repüléssel és az utazással kapcsolatos félelmekből, valamint az incentív utazás jellegéből adódó aggodalmakat. A kutatás alapján meghatároztak három kockázatcsökkentő faktort: a bizalmat a munkaadóban, a helyszíni szolgáltatókban, valamint az önbizalmat és a magabiztosságot. Több gyakorlati javaslatot fogalmaztak meg: az incentív utazások előkészítésébe érdemes tapasztalt kollégákat bevonni, egy tájékoztató keretében felkészíteni az utazókat, valamint feladat a munkavállalók önbizalmának növelése.
... The existing studies focus on a perspective of a specific cruise sector or company, such as a cruise ship [47], a single cruise line [88], cruise passengers [67], cruise ports [7]. Further, strategies in the cruise-related risk research were limited to examining information search or brand loyalty [29]. These research gaps can be filled through an empirical study on proposing risk mitigation strategies from a broad CSC perspective. ...
The cruise sector is one of the most characteristic examples of globalised business. This characteristic makes the cruise supply chain (CSC) likely to expose to a variety of risks, such as the geopolitical environment and inclement weather, which requires an urgent need for risk mitigation strategies. A review of the literature revealed that supply chain risk mitigation strategies often remain at a conceptual level, and they mainly focus on a specific risk or a perspective of a specific cruise sector; there is therefore a gap in the absence of practical risk mitigation strategies in the cruise industry from a supply chain perspective. To address the gap, this paper interviewed and analysed opinions of eight types of CSC players. Twenty risk mitigation strategies in the context of a CSC were identified and examined into control and detection, relationship-based strategies, marketing strategies, policy-based strategies, risk transfer and share, and flexibility strategies. A broad picture and a deep understanding of strategies to deal with risks in the CSC were provided. The findings contribute to the literature and practice by linking theoretical strategies to practical strategies and exploring the mitigation strategies with actual practice in the CSC that can be used directly by practitioners and researchers.
... Research has shown that willingness to travel is influenced by perceived risk events associated with a particular travel destination, with personal safety being a major concern for travellers (Liu & Pratt, 2017). Recent studies indicate that anxiety related to COVID-19 has a negative impact on tourists' travel decisions (Holland et al., 2021;Quintal et al., 2022;Zenker et al., 2021). Since COVID-19 can be prevented by avoiding exposure to the virus (WHO, 2022); tourists tend to switch to safer alternatives if they perceive a high risk of exposure at a particular destination (Neuburger & Egger, 2021). ...
... The multisensory and complex environment on a cruise ship heightened tourists' awareness of safety protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic (Yuen et al., 2021). Although the latest research in Australia and the United Kingdom indicated that nearly half of respondents held less trust that cruise lines would be transparent and honest about safety issues, providing accurate information and evidence about enhanced safety protocols to guests could increase their trust and help them feel safer (Holland et al., 2021a). Yuen et al. (2021) also found that trust directly impacted consumers' attitudes towards using cruise services during the COVID-19 pandemic. ...
... Previous research indicated that guests highly prioritized safety when considering take cruising (Pan et al., 2021). As the major disruptor for cruise corporations recovering from the pandemic, guests' fear of infection on the cruise will result in heightened awareness when formulating their perceptions of cleanliness and safety (Holland et al., 2021a). The importance of safety in shaping guests' perceptions and the potential subconscious was evidenced by recent researchers (Tapsall et al., 2022). ...
This study extended the theory of reasoned action (TRA) by including cruise involvement, safety protocols, and trust (stimulus-organism-response paradigm), and risk perception (the prospect theory), developing a theoretical framework to explore and compare Chinese repeat and potential guests' travel intentions, thus making great efforts to rebuilding consumer confidence and recover operation at this stage of the post-COVID-19. The results show that guests' intentions were positively influenced by their perceptions of safety protocols, trust, attitude, subjective norms, and cruise involvement, respectively. In contrast with previous studies, present results showed that perceived risk has a significant positive effect on the intention of both repeat guests and potential guests. Significant differences were detected between repeat and potential guests regarding safety protocols and subjective norms. The chi-square difference tests revealed the influence of cruise involvement was more positive for potential guests than for repeat guests. The findings provide an advanced guide helping academics and operators to understand underlying factors influencing guests' decision intentions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
... El impacto de la de la misma sobre el turismo global fue abrumador e inmediato. En tan sólo cinco meses se paralizaron los desplazamientos a nivel mundial y especialmente sectores como el turismo de cruceros se desplomaron (Radic et al., 2020;Gössling et al., 2021;Holland et al., 2021). La Investigaciones Turísticas N° 25, enero-junio 2023, pp. ...
El turismo de cruceros representa el segmento del mercado turístico internacional que mayor crecimiento ha experimentado en las últimas décadas. Una realidad que ha llevado a que las Administraciones Públicas lo cataloguen como un producto clave. Este trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la competitividad territorial en el turismo de cruceros de los puertos localizados en el ámbito del Atlántico occidental Ibérico. Mediante un análisis de carácter empírico, basado en la aplicación de técnicas de regresión de panel, dibujamos la realidad territorial de los puertos de este espacio geográfico a la hora de atraer cruceros turísticos a sus instalaciones. Un análisis que nos habla de crecimiento y de menor competitividad de los puertos gallegos con respecto a los puertos de Leixões y Lisboa que confluyen en el mismo espacio marítimo.
... It seems that the effects of pandemic and war will be experienced for a long time by the companies and their employees as well as the external environment, and their actual consequences will only be assessed retrospectively. Moreover, to save their reputation damaged by mass media during the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted from many weeks of negative media campaigns presenting sea cruise ships as closed-circuit facilities posing a risk of disease transmission, cruise companies were forced to restore their image among potential passengers (Långstedt et al., 2022) through costly marketing campaigns (Holland et al., 2021). These actions required companies to redirect huge financial resources to investments in equipment and facilities to improve the sanitary standards and maintain hygienic regimes on ships and in port terminals. ...
Purpose
The aim of this article is to identify areas of uncertainty that may affect sustainable management in the cruise shipping market in Northern Europe and define the directions of sustainable management undertaken by the entities participating in this market.
Design/methodology/approach
Several research methods were used in the work, i.e., analysis of existing materials, desk research, exploratory method, and case studies. Comparative analysis and critical analysis were also carried out. A few research questions were also developed and are described in the methodology section.
Findings
The statements showed that cruise shipping companies have been strongly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the war with Russia, which also to some extent forced them to revise their priorities within sustainable management.
Practical implications
Examples of good practice on sustainable management may be an interesting cognitive source of knowledge, both for the representatives of seaports in coastal destinations, as well as for cruise shipping companies.
Social implications
The cruise shipowners’ awareness of the negative impact of cruise shipping development upon the quality of local communities’ life in coastal destinations is considered to be a key aspect of sustainable management.
Originality/value
The review of literature revealed a lack of publications regarding the issue of sustainable management in the cruise shipping market, particularly with a view to changing the approach to sustainable management in the context of the events faced by cruise lines and seaports around the world in recent years.
... For example, while those who had cruised previously are likely to delay cruising for at least 3 years, regular cruisers reported a stronger propensity to cruise within a 12-month period. Consistent with the recent works of Holland, Mazzarol, et al. (2021b), Ivanova et al. (2021) and Pan et al. (2021), we find that the provision of COVID-19 medical options and safety on board is paramount to the market regardless of the risk status of the pandemic. Overall, specific attributes selected to reduce the risks associated with cruising during a pandemic included smaller ship size (i.e., <2000 passengers), exterior rooms with a balcony, free medical treatment, and availability of Rapid Antigen Testing. ...
... Those who felt the severity of the risk was high and those who were more likely to engage in self-protection did not show any differences in their likelihood of travel across the four scenarios, again demonstrating some level of risk tolerance among prospective cruisers. This is contrary to findings revealed by Holland, Mazzarol, et al. (2021b) that indicated a reluctance to cruise during the COVID-19 era, however the authors did suggest that the introduction of health and safety measures, such as those proposed in this study could entice crusie travel. Our findings are supported by recent research into travel and COVID-19 by Zheng et al. (2021) who revealed that people who have protection motivation are more willing to choose cautious travel rather than travel avoidance. ...
While the cruise industry is expected to rebound from the pandemic, the features of the cruise value offering that once appealed to the market and cruise specific consumer behaviour have changed. This project employs a choice experiment to determine how COVID-19 has influenced 808 consumers' preferences for and trade-offs between specific aspects of the cruise experience across four different COVID-19 scenarios. Such insight is highly valuable for cruise organisations seeking to better understand the evaluative criteria by which their consumer segments are now guiding their decisions. Theoretically, we test how Protection Motivation Theory affects preferences under different risk scenarios. Practical contributions include a need to revise marketing communications, promotions, and service to emphasise COVID-19 safe measures, outdoor cabins and cancellation refunds, and that adjustments to targeted cruise packages are needed based on age and cruise experience among segments. Our research is the first to examine preferences of cruise consumers adopting choice modelling method. We find that overall, while the way people travel has changed, the underlying preferences of travellers in this market is largely unaffected by a simulated evolving risk profile presented.
... Finally, it is noteworthy that several studies focusing on risk perceptions were related to the cruise market as one of the most affected travel subsegments (e.g. Holland et al., 2021;Tapsall et al., 2022). ...
This study investigates the adoption of prevention measures in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with tourist behavior. The research adopts a mixed-method approach as it examines both practitioners’ and tourists’ viewpoints. A qualitative study was conducted with eight destination service providers, while the quantitative study took place among 333 international tourists during their stay in the country. Results from the qualitative study show that the most frequently employed prevention measures are cleaning and disinfection of customer-use spaces, the use of hand sanitizers, mandatory face masks for employees and guests, and social distancing. Tourism service providers observed that international tourist behavior changed significantly from 2020 to 2021. Findings from the quantitative study show relatively high levels of perception of adoption of prevention measures among tourists, low levels of the perceived risk of COVID-19, and high levels of tourist satisfaction. Some differences in tourist behavior related to gender and destination type are also observed. Positive correlations are found between tourists’ perceptions of prevention measures and their satisfaction level, while the correlations between perceived risk of COVID-19 and prevention measures on one hand and perceived risk of COVID-19 and tourists’ satisfaction on the other are found to be negative.
