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Rhizocarpon hochstetteri (Wang 20141058, SDNU). A: Thallus; B: Apothecium; C: Apothecium section; D: K reaction; E: Paraphyses; F: Ascus; G: Ascospores; Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 µm; C, D = 50 µm; E, G = 10 µm.
Source publication
Four new lichen records are reported from China: Rhizocarpon hochstetteri, R. parvum, R. polycarpum, and R. pusillum. Detailed taxonomic descriptions with photos and comments are provided.
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Citations
... Rhizocarpon includes about 235 species worldwide (Lücking & al. 2016;Davydov & Yakovchenko 2017;Etayo 2017;Kalb & Aptroot 2017;Paukov & al. 2017;Kondratyuk & al. 2018;Fryday 2019;Elix & McCarthy 2019;McCarthy & al. 2020;Spribille & al. 2020), of which 47 have been reported from China (Wei 1991(Wei , 2020Abbas & Wu 1998;Aptroot 2002;Aptroot & Sparrius 2003;Sérusiaux & al. 2003;Golubkov & Maywiejuk 2009;Zhao & al. 2013;Mahire & al. 2015;Wang & al. 2015aWang & al. ,b,c, 2016Gulina & Anwar 2019;Hu & al. 2020). ...
Three lichen species are reported from China for the first time: Rhizocarpon cinereovirens , R. rittokense , and R. roridulum. A revision of the Chinese material determined as R. infernulum f. infernulum shows that it belongs to R. infernulum f. sylvaticum . The morphology, secondary chemistry, ecology, and distribution ranges of the species are investigated and discussed. An identification key is given to the species of Rhizocarpon subg. Phaeothallus in China.
... Rhizocarpon includes about 235 species worldwide (Lücking & al. 2016;Davydov & Yakovchenko 2017;Etayo 2017;Kalb & Aptroot 2017;Paukov & al. 2017;Kondratyuk & al. 2018;Fryday 2019;Elix & McCarthy 2019;McCarthy & al. 2020;Spribille & al. 2020), of which 47 have been reported from China (Wei 1991(Wei , 2020Abbas & Wu 1998;Aptroot 2002;Aptroot & Sparrius 2003;Sérusiaux & al. 2003;Golubkov & Maywiejuk 2009;Zhao & al. 2013;Mahire & al. 2015;Wang & al. 2015aWang & al. ,b,c, 2016Gulina & Anwar 2019;Hu & al. 2020). ...
Three lichen species are reported from China for the first time: Rhizocarpon cinereovirens, R. rittokense, and R. roridulum. A revision of the Chinese material determined as R. infernulum f. infernulum shows that it belongs to R. infernulum f. sylvaticum. The morphology, secondary chemistry, ecology, and distribution ranges of the species are investigated and discussed. An identification key is given to the species of Rhizocarpon subg. Phaeothallus in China.
... Rhizocarpon pusillum differs from these species by its lichenicolous habit on Sporastatia testudinea (Ach.) A. Massal. (Wang et al. 2015). Other morphological differences were summarized in Table 2. ...
Three lichenized fungal species collected from James Ross Island (Eastern coast of
Antarctic Peninsula): Cladonia acuminata (Ach.) Norrl., Rhizocarpon pusillum Runemark
and Rhizoplaca parilis S.D. Leav., Fern.-Mend., Lumbsch, Sohrabi & St. Clair are reported from Antarctica for the first time. Detailed morphological and anatomical properties of these species along with photographes based on Antarctic specimens are provided here. In addition, the nrITS gene regions of the selected specimens are studied and the phylogenetic positions of the species are discussed. The nrITS data for Rhizocarpon pusillum is provided for the first time. According to our studies the lichen biodiversity of Antarctica is still poorly known and molecular studies are very important in order to present the correct lichen biodiversity of Antarctica.
... All living things experience adverse conditions at some point during their lifespan. [1][2][3][4][5] Plants and animals are subjected to abiotic and biotic stresses that include salt, [6][7][8][9][10][11] drought, [12][13][14][15] and pathogens. [16][17][18][19][20] Environmental stresses also affect organisms at the cellular level. ...
Similar to bacteria, yeast, and other organisms that have evolved pathways to respond to environmental stresses, cancer cells develop mechanisms that increase genetic diversity to facilitate adaptation to a variety of stressful conditions, including hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, exposure to DNA‐damaging agents, and immune responses. To survive, cancer cells trigger mechanisms that drive genomic instability and mutation, alter gene expression programs, and reprogram the metabolic pathways to evade growth inhibition signaling and immune surveillance. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathways used by cancer cells to overcome stresses will allow us to develop more efficacious strategies for cancer therapy. Herein, we overview several key stresses imposed on cancer cells, including oxidative, metabolic, mechanical, and genotoxic, and discuss the mechanisms that drive cancer cell responses. The therapeutic implications of these responses are also considered, as these factors pave the way for the targeting of stress adaption pathways in order to slow cancer progression and block resistance to therapy.
... Endophytes isolated from medicinal plants are reported to be capable of producing the same or similar secondary metabolites as their host plants. [5][6][7][8][9][10] For example, the endophytic fungus isolated from the yew tree, Taxusbrevifolia, can produce the anti-cancer drug, paclitaxel. 11 Codonopsispilosula is an herbaceous perennial plant mainly grown in China, Japan, and Korea that is widely used in traditional medicine. ...
Background
Exopolysaccharides with structural diversity have shown wide applications in biomaterial, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Herein, we isolated an endophytic strain, 14‐DS‐1, from the traditional medicinal plant Codonopsis pilosula to elucidate the characteristics and anti‐cancer activities of purified exopolysaccharides.
Methods
HPLC and GC‐MS were conducted to purify and characterize the exopolysaccharides isolated from 14‐DS‐1. Quantitative RT‐PCR, cell migration assays, immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry analysis were conducted to investighate the biological activity of DSPS.
Results
We demonstrated that exopolysaccharides isolated from 14‐DS‐1 (DSPS), which were predominately composed of six monosaccharides, showed anti‐cancer activities. Biological activity analysis revealed that exposure to DSPS induced macrophage activation and polarization by promoting the production of TNF‐α and nitric oxide. Further analysis revealed that DSPS treatment promoted macrophage infiltration, whereas cancer cell migration was suppressed. In addition, DSPS exposure led to S‐phase arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that treatment with DSPS resulted in defects in spindle orientation and positioning.
Conclusion
These findings thus suggest that DSPS may have promising potential in cancer therapy.
... [161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168] In peanut plants, 22 genes were identified as drought-responsive genes by complementary DNA microarray analysis. [169][170][171] DELLA genes and heat shock transcription factors were found to promote the survival of plants in adverse environments. [172][173][174] In rice, PhyB not only contributes to cold stress resistance, but also influences drought tolerance by regulating total leaf area and transpiration per unit leaf area. ...
Environmental stresses are ubiquitous and unavoidable to all living things. Organisms respond and adapt to stresses through defined regulatory mechanisms that drive changes in gene expression, organismal morphology, or physiology. Immune responses illustrate adaptation to bacterial and viral biotic stresses in animals. Dysregulation of the genotoxic stress response system is frequently associated with various types of human cancer. With respect to plants, especially halophytes, complicated systems have been developed to allow for plant growth in high salt environments. In addition, drought, waterlogging, and low temperatures represent other common plant stresses. In this review, we summarize representative examples of organismal response and adaptation to various stresses. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the above phenomena with a focus on the improvement of organismal tolerance to unfavorable environments.
The earliest list of 67 species, 19 varieties and 17 forms of lichens for Xinjiang Province in northwestern China by Wei in 1991 was extended by Abbas in 2002 to 278 species, 3 subspecies, 15 varieties and 17 forms, and by Xahidin in 2005 to c. 398 species. The present study of the largest province in China, based on a comprehensive literature survey
supported by a study of herbarium material, lists 596 taxa composed of 580 species, 4 subspecies and 12 varieties; of the 160 lichen genera, Cladonia has the highest number of species with 40, followed by Acarospora (30), Aspicilia (24) and Peltigera (24).
Four species of the lichen genus Rhizocarpon ( R. cinereonigrum , R. distinctum , R. sublavatum , and R. subpostumum ) are reported for the first time from China. Descriptions provide morphological and chemical characters and known distribution of each species.
