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![Results of the common garden field experiment conducted during two consecutive years at Cape Race (NL, Canada). The blue line represents the average response of circumneutral pH source copepod populations (n = 3 populations), the red line represents the average response of acidic pH source copepod populations (n = 3 populations), and the dark green line represents the average response of fluctuating pH source copepods populations (n = 3 populations) to two levels of pH (3.6 and 6). Adult L. minutus survival to acidity was measured as [Log10 (Nfinal + 1) ‐ Log10 (Ninitial + 1)]. Values above the 0.0 horizontal threshold line indicate increased copepod survival to acidity. Tukey HSD contrasts (*) at alpha = 0.05 represent pairwise differences for the entire model. Error bars represent standard error of the mean (SEM)](profile/Jorge-Negrin-Dastis/publication/333887177/figure/fig2/AS:1010261922172928@1617876620011/Results-of-the-common-garden-field-experiment-conducted-during-two-consecutive-years-at.png)
Results of the common garden field experiment conducted during two consecutive years at Cape Race (NL, Canada). The blue line represents the average response of circumneutral pH source copepod populations (n = 3 populations), the red line represents the average response of acidic pH source copepod populations (n = 3 populations), and the dark green line represents the average response of fluctuating pH source copepods populations (n = 3 populations) to two levels of pH (3.6 and 6). Adult L. minutus survival to acidity was measured as [Log10 (Nfinal + 1) ‐ Log10 (Ninitial + 1)]. Values above the 0.0 horizontal threshold line indicate increased copepod survival to acidity. Tukey HSD contrasts (*) at alpha = 0.05 represent pairwise differences for the entire model. Error bars represent standard error of the mean (SEM)
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Maladaptation is widespread in natural populations. However, maladaptation has most often been associated with absolute population decline in local habitats rather than on a spectrum of relative fitness variation that can assist natural populations in their persistence at larger regional scales. We report results from a field experiment that tested...
Citations
... Most plant species' geographic ranges consist of a number of differently sized, spatially structured populations connected by varying rates of dispersal (metapopulation) [48][49][50] in areas with a range of environmental suitability (Figure 1), with the potential for sourcesink population dynamics [51,52]. For example, many glacial remnant populations of tree species remaining in microclimate refugia may be becoming PE-mismatched sink populations with low fecundity and survival, which persist largely because of seed subsidies from source populations and the storage effect of long lifespans and vegetative propagation [53][54][55][56]. ...
Climate change is causing rapid shifts in the abiotic and biotic environmental conditions experienced by plant populations, but we lack generalizable frameworks for predicting the consequences for species. These changes may cause individuals to become poorly matched to their environments, potentially inducing shifts in the distributions of populations and altering species’ habitat and geographic ranges. We present a trade-off-based framework for understanding and predicting whether plant species may undergo range shifts, based on ecological strategies defined by functional trait variation. We define a species’ capacity for undergoing range shifts as the product of its colonization ability and the ability to express a phenotype well-suited to the environment across life stages (phenotype–environment matching), which are both strongly influenced by a species’ ecological strategy and unavoidable trade-offs in function. While numerous strategies may be successful in an environment, severe phenotype–environment mismatches result in habitat filtering: propagules reach a site but cannot establish there. Operating within individuals and populations, these processes will affect species’ habitat ranges at small scales, and aggregated across populations, will determine whether species track climatic changes and undergo geographic range shifts. This trade-off-based framework can provide a conceptual basis for species distribution models that are generalizable across plant species, aiding in the prediction of shifts in plant species’ ranges in response to climate change.
... This contrasts with absolute maladaptation (Geladi et al., 2019;Hendry & Gonzalez, 2008), where populations are unable to persist. Consequently, selection pressures imposed by fluctuating salinization could result in an "evolutionary mismatch" whereby the fitness of a population is displaced from its optimal environment (Hale et al., 2016;Lloyd et al., 2011;Negrin et al., 2019;Robertson et al., 2013;Schlaepfer et al., 2002). Understanding the persistence of populations along broad and variable environmental gradients requires a better understanding of the magnitude of adaptation and maladaptation along those gradients. ...
... Panels show logistic regressions across the entire data set (a), and by sex (b). Shaded area represents 95% confidence intervals waters (e.g., ~0.22-11 ppt at Playa Reina lagoon), which could result in periodic "mismatches" between the fitness of a population and its optimal osmotic niche (Gomez-Mestre & Tejedo, 2003;Negrin et al., 2019). Thus, populations seemingly persisting in specific salinity levels might in fact be maladapted, following drastic changes in salinity. ...
... Thus, the physiological challenges imposed by osmoregulation in saline environments (Kozak et al., 2013;Potts & Parry, 1964;Rivera-Ingraham & Lignot, 2017;Sutcliffe, 1961) are likely to constraint the evolution of local adaptation in those environments. This pattern is consistent with an evolutionary mismatch (Hale et al., 2016;Lloyd et al., 2011;Marshall et al., 2010;Negrin et al., 2019;Robertson et al., 2013;Schlaepfer et al., 2002), whereby drastic environmental disturbances might overcome the adaptive potential of populations (Polechová & Barton, 2015;Polechová et al., 2009). In the case of T. withei, adaptation to saline environments could be limited by potential trade-offs between reproduction and survival. ...
The evolution of local adaptation is crucial for the in situ persistence of populations in changing environments. However, selection along broad environmental gradients could render local adaptation difficult, and might even result in maladaptation. We address this issue by quantifying fitness trade‐offs (via common garden experiments) along a salinity gradient in two populations of the Neotropical water strider Telmatometra withei—a species found in both fresh (FW) and brackish (BW) water environments across Panama. We found evidence for local adaptation in the FW population in its home FW environment. However, the BW population showed only partial adaptation to the BW environment, with a high magnitude of maladaptation along naturally occurring salinity gradients. Indeed, its overall fitness was ~60% lower than that of the ancestral FW population in its home environment, highlighting the role of phenotypic plasticity, rather than local adaptation, in high salinity environments. This suggests that populations seemingly persisting in high salinity environments might in fact be maladapted, following drastic changes in salinity. Thus, variable selection imposed by salinization could result in evolutionary mismatch, where the fitness of a population is displaced from its optimal environment. Understanding the fitness consequences of persisting in fluctuating salinity environments is crucial to predict the persistence of populations facing increasing salinization. It will also help develop evolutionarily informed management strategies in the context of global change.
... Maladaptation was both sex-biased and more intense for populations with lower heterozygosity, providing important insights for conservation practices. Negrín Dastis,Milne, Guichard, and Derry (2019)used transplant experiments and theory to show that asymmetric selection together with immigration can contribute -via biased (but potentially precise) arrows -to the persistence of maladaptation within a copepod metapopulation. ...
Evolutionary biologist tend to approach the study of the natural world within a framework of adaptation, inspired perhaps by the power of natural selection to produce fitness advantages that drive population persistence and biological diversity. In contrast, evolution has rarely been studied through the lens of adaptation’s complement, maladaptation. This contrast is surprising because maladaptation is a prevalent feature of evolution: population trait values are rarely distributed optimally; local populations often have lower fitness than imported ones; populations decline; and local and global extinctions are common. Yet few general insights are known about maladaptation, for instance in terms of distribution, severity, and dynamics. Similar uncertainties apply to the causes of maladaptation. We suggest that incorporating maladaptation-based perspectives into evolutionary biology would facilitate better understanding of the natural world. Approaches within a maladaptation framework might be especially profitable in applied evolution contexts – where reductions in fitness are common. Toward advancing a more balanced study of evolution, here we present a conceptual framework describing causes of maladaptation. As the introductory article for a Special Feature on maladaptation, we also summarize the studies in this Issue, highlighting the causes of maladaptation in each study. We hope that our framework and the papers in this Special Issue will help catalyze the study of maladaptation in applied evolution, supporting greater understanding of evolutionary dynamics in our rapidly changing world.
