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Results of the Circle Test
Source publication
Background
Tumors trigger both depression and anxiety about death because they can be terminal. However, the relationship between depression and time perspective in patients with life-threatening diseases remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of depression on time perspective in patients with brain tumors using a projective method...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... time-dominance and time-relatedness results of the Circle Test are shown in Table 2 ( Table 2 near here) ...Context 2
... time-dominance and time-relatedness results of the Circle Test are shown in Table 2 ( Table 2 near here) ...Context 3
... were two notable findings. First, the traditional indices of time dominance and time relatedness did not differ among the groups (Dp, NDp, and NDc) ( Table 2). Second, in terms of the novel indices of the Circle Test, the areas of the Dp group were smaller than those of the NDc group (Figure 1). ...Similar publications
Latar Belakang Remaja merupakan individu yang mengalami perubahan dan tantangan signifikan termasuk perubahan fisik, emosional, dan sosial yang dapat memengaruhi self-esteem dan kondisi kesehatan mentalnya. Ketidakmampuan dalam menghadapi tantangan tersebut dapat menyebabkan mereka mengalami gangguan emosional seperti gangguan depresi, gangguan cem...
Objective:
To study the influence of nursing model based on Rosenthal effect on self-efficacy and cognition of life meaning in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Methods:
120 patients with NSCLC treated in the hospital were selected from November 2020 to November 2021 and were randomly divided into the nursing group and the Rosent...
Citations
... It measures the relatedness and balance between the sense of past, present, and future via a projective instrument. Although the tool has been rarely used in clinical samples over the past decades, it was recently applied in research on patients with cancer (Van Laarhoven et al., 2011) and with brain tumor (Shigemune et al., 2021) and is widely used in healthy samples (Belovol, Boyko & Shurupova, 2021;Mello, Finan & Worrell, 2013;Wiberg et al., 2017). To date, however, it has not been administered to patients with psychiatric conditions. ...
... The increased past negative perspective was recently considered as constitutive of the psychopathological p-factor (Stolarski et al., 2024), while the diminished future perspective was also found in another study on depression (Wang et al., 2021). As far as the Circle Test is concerned, the only relevant mental health data concerns depression, with individuals exhibiting similar dominance of past experience, though less frequently projecting the atomistic passage of time (57.5% vs. 73%) (Shigemune et al., 2021). However, we must be wary of interpreting these quantitative overlaps as representing the same experiential phenomena. ...
Background
Altered temporal experience lies at the core of various psychiatric conditions, including borderline personality disorder (BPD). Mainstream research in psychopathology tends to explore BPD with scrutiny while neglecting other personality disorders (PD). At the same time, the dimensional approach to PD proposes looking through the disorders’ subtypes and tracing lived experience-based commonalities. This study is the first to explore the temporality of PD by investigating the relationship between symptom severity and lived time and combining objectified measures of time perception with phenomenological interpretation.
Methods
A total of 63 participants of various educational backgrounds, with personality disorders (36.5% male), following ICD-10 coding diagnosed with paranoid (3.2%), borderline (41.3%), narcissistic (33.3%), avoidant (4.8%), dependent (1.6%) and unspecified (15.9%) personality disorder. Levels of personality functioning and intensity of maladaptive trait domains were controlled with Level of Personality Functioning—Brief Scale 2.0 and Personality Inventory for ICD-11, respectively, resulting in the overall sample classification as comprising nine subclinical, 13 mild, 20 moderate, 16 severe, and five extremely severe conditions. Polish Short Version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (PS-ZTPI) and Cottle’s Circles Test (CT) were used to assess the temporal experience.
Results
In comparison to healthy individuals, those with PD are more oriented toward past negative (4.01 vs . 2.98) and less toward past positive (2.31 vs . 3.71) and future (3.04 vs . 3.47), as measured with PS-ZTPI; their pre-reflective temporal experience, as measured with CT, is dominated either by the past or the future, while the present remains marginalized. BPD distinctiveness among other PD lies in higher orientation toward hedonistic present and lower orientation toward the future. While the general temporal profile of PD is independent of age and duration of hospitalization, it is related to the severity of the condition. The more severe the impairments in self-functioning, the higher the negative past perspective and pre-reflective past dominance, and the lower the positive and future perspective. The results of this study highlight temporality as an essential aspect of lived experience in PD, being possibly related to disturbed self-experience.
... It measures the relatedness and balance between the sense of past, present, and future via a projective instrument. Although the tool has been rarely used in clinical samples over the past decades, it was recently applied in research on patients with cancer (Van Laarhoven et al., 2011) and with brain tumor (Shigemune et al., 2021). To date, however, it has not been administered to patients with psychiatric conditions. ...
Background. Altered temporal experience lies at the core of various psychiatric conditions, including Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Mainstream research in psychopathology tends to explore BPD with scrutiny while neglecting other personality disorders (PD). At the same time, the dimensional approach to PD proposes looking through the disorders' subtypes and tracing lived experience-based commonalities. This study is the first to explore the temporality of PD by investigating the relationship between symptom severity and lived time and combining objectified measures of time perception with phenomenological interpretation. Methods. 63 participants of various educational backgrounds, with personality disorders (36,5% male), following ICD-10 coding diagnosed with paranoid (3.2%), borderline (41,3%), narcissistic (33,3%), avoidant (4,8%), dependent (1,6%) and unspecified (15,9%) personality disorder. Levels of personality functioning and intensity of maladaptive trait domains were controlled with Level of Personality Functioning-Brief Scale 2.0 and Personality Inventory for ICD-11, respectively, resulting in the overall sample classification as comprising 9 subclinical, 13 mild, 20 moderate, 16 severe, and 5 extremely severe conditions. Polish Short Version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (PS-ZTPI) and Cottle's Circles Test (CT) were used to assess the temporal experience. Results. In comparison to healthy individuals, those with PD are more oriented toward past negative (4.01 vs. 2.98) and less toward past positive (2.31 vs. 7.71) and future (3.04 vs. 3.47), as measured with PS-ZTPI, their pre-reflective temporal experience as measured with CT is dominated either by the past or the future, while the present remains marginalized. BPD distinctiveness among other PD lies in higher orientation towards hedonistic present and lower orientation toward the future. While the general temporal profile of PD is independent of age and duration of hospitalization, it is related to the severity of the condition. The more severe the impairments in self-functioning, the higher the negative past perspective and pre-reflective past dominance, and the lower the positive and future perspective. The results of this study highlight temporality as an essential aspect of lived experience in PD. Lived time interplays with the level of self-disturbance and, as such, may be conceptualized phenomenologically as comprising the core of PD.
Numerous studies have shown that the representation of temporal concepts is associated with spatial features such as position and size. In a conventional task called the “Circle Test (CT),” participants are asked to express the relative importance of the past, present, and future and to demonstrate relationships among them by drawing three circles representing the past, present, and future. Studies on various participants, including refugees, patients living with serious illnesses, and adolescents, have used it to understand the temporal perspectives of different test takers. On the other hand, several studies have suggested that concepts of time are represented in three-dimensional (3D) space. It is expected that temporal concepts of the past, present, and future could be recorded using a 3D drawing task. Here we created a 3D version of CT (the “Sphere Test [ST]”) to investigate the sagittal representation of time and to record the relative time importance and relatedness, allowing for the shielding relationships and the laws of perspective. We conducted experiments with university students to compare the results from the CT and the ST. Our results suggested that not all on-screen overlapping can be interpreted as representing a connection between two time zones in 3D space. We also found correlations between the chosen sizes of the three circles in the CT and ST, i.e., the on-screen sizes of the past and present circles were positively correlated. In contrast, we observed no correlation between the on-screen sizes of the future circles in the two tests. The alignment pattern along the sagittal axis showed different patterns from the horizontal and vertical axes. In conclusion, this study sheds new light on the third dimension of the spatial representation of time and may help us understand the relationship between temporal perspectives and other factors, including mental health.
