Table 3 - uploaded by Wolfgang Maennig
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This study demonstrates that the Football World Cup 1974 in Germany was not able to generate any short to long-term employment effects that were significantly different from zero. It is the first work to examine long-term employment effects of Football World Cup tournaments. It is also one of the first work to undertake a multivariate analysis of t...
Citations
... According to their estimates, the cities sustained combined cumulative losses that were larger than the expected gain from the events (over $5.5 billion). Hagn and Maennig (2007) show that the 1974 World Cup had neither a short-nor a long-run effect on employment in 75 German municipalities. Porter and Fletcher (2008) use data from the 1996 Summer Olympic Games and 2002 Winter Olympic Games to show that input-output models provide unreliable predictions of the impact of sporting events because these models assume constant factor prices. ...
... Such findings are not surprising. As seen earlier in the chapter, there is little evidence that events like the Olympics (Porter and Fletcher, 2008) or the Men's World Cup (Baade and Matheson, 2004;Hagn and Maennig, 2007;Maennig, 2007) have large impacts on the overall economic circumstances of the host country, so for the Women's World Cup, which is far smaller than either, to generate them would be surprising. As mentioned earlier, average attendance at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup held in Germany was 26,428; the most highly attended Women's World Cups, those in the US in 1999 and in China in 2007, each had average attendance of over 37,000 (37,319 and 37,218, respectively). ...
... Furthermore, the measurement items used were associated with the event's effect on socio-economic development, flows of visitors, infrastructure improvement, international image, recognition and advancement of the sport. Research studies that examine the impacts of sporting events on the community (Getz 2005;Hall 1992;Ritchie 1984), on the local economy (Hagn and Maennig 2007) and, of course, on tourism (Preuss et al. 2010;Thöni and Philippovich 2008) proved especially helpful as well. The interview began with two open-ended questions: What may be the long term legacy of this event from an entrepreneurial perspective and, what negative effects, if any, could be associated with this effect? ...
Academic literature includes numerous studies on the assessment of the economic impacts of sporting events. Some of these impacts are only temporary and don’t produce a lasting effect on the productive fabric, while others lead to long term developments. Even though residents’ reactions to the long term impacts of these events have been broadly studied, the views expressed by entrepreneurs located in the area of the event remain to be investigated. This article analyses perceptions of entrepreneurs located near the Sierra Nevada Ski and Mountain Resort in Spain relating to their assessment of the long term effects of hosting the 2017 Snowboard and Freestyle Ski World Championship. This paper makes use of a mixed-methods. The qualitative and quantitative analyses reveal a positive assessment of the event’s impact both concerning the promotion of the mountain resort and in terms of its international positioning as a snowboarding and freestyle sports destination.
... In the long run, damage to the fauna and flora similarly needs to be taken into account. In terms of economics, the creation of new jobs impacts the population in the host city and region (Hagn and Maennig 2007). ...
While scholarly attention with respect to the social impacts of sports events has increased in recent years, there is still little research discussing the wide-ranging community-related impacts stemming particularly from major sports events. Local political leaders, as (elected) representatives of the community, are important stakeholders within this context and face the challenge of balancing diverse interests in the implementation of major sports events. The purpose of this study is to assess the importance politicians attribute to event impacts that create sustainable outcomes for residents living in a host city. Based on a content analysis, a list of general event impacts (outputs and legacies) produced by major sports events was created and subsequently discussed with scholars and experts in the field to classify the criteria as community relevant or not. A final number of 56 criteria (34 of which are considered community relevant) was then used in the assessment of the politicians’ (representing either the State of Tyrol or the City of Innsbruck) attitude towards these impacts. The findings of the study indicate that, though aware of community interests, politicians nevertheless prioritize economic and touristic benefits for the host city/region such as place marketing. Moreover, politicians seem to have a better understanding of tangible impacts (e.g. infrastructure), underestimating the important intangible impacts (e.g. voluntariness) closely related to community issues. Thus, the research in hand outlines the need to sensitize governments to community interests when planning and implementing major sports events.
... The top-down approach considers that apart from the measurability of the economic impact of such events, due to their tangibility, such assessment is required to justify, on political grounds, the wisdom of investing scarce public resources in the events (Hagn & Maennig, 2007). Even though mega-events create a strong economic impact, they do not always create an economic legacy, bearing in mind the possibility that a peak in demand, due to the hosting of an event, might affect the supply side of the local economy (Matheson & Baade, 2003;Solberg & Preuss, 2006). ...
ABSTRACT
The importance of conducting resident perception studies into the phenomenon of mega sports events cannot be over-emphasised; as such studies provide a unique platform by means of which to gauge the perceptions and attitudes of host communities with regards to the impacts of mega-events. In the context of South Africa’s hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and regarding the perceived impacts of the event on host communities, a couple of studies have been undertaken within the Green Point suburb of Cape Town. As a continuum of such studies, the current study is undertaken with the objectives of ascertaining whether any adaptations have occurred three months before kick-off of the event, and to further provide a platform for post-event longitudinal studies. Furthermore, in cases where changes in perceptions were recorded, previous studies carried out within the same study area were reflected upon. The target population in the study involved residents living within a 2- kilometre radius of the Cape Town Stadium situated in Green Point. A total of 400 questionnaires were administered to residents using a spatially based stratified random sampling method.
The focus of the study was to examine the perceptions and attitudes of Green Point residents towards the development of the Cape Town Stadium and potential impacts of the 2010 World Cup on their community. Key findings of the study revealed the profile of Green Point residents to be predominantly male, with an average age of 38.2 years. Most of the residents were found to be single, employed full-time, and earning an average monthly income of R13 550.63. Although the historical racial composition of the suburb was mostly white, the suburb was becoming more diverse in composition at the time of the study. The residents were found generally to have very positive perceptions and attitudes towards South Africa’s hosting of the event, with Cape Town being a host city, and most believing that lasting legacies would be left for their community and the country in general. However, primary concerns noted that related to South Africa’s hosting of the event were crime, the safety and security of visitors, and disruptions and inconveniences caused to locals. High expectations were also registered with regards to the dissemination of information by event planners in relation to the distribution of anticipated benefits and the impacts of the stadium.
The current study recommends that, in order to increase levels of awareness regarding the planning and activities related to the event, effective communication and dissemination of information were required. Furthermore, to justify investments made towards hosting of the event and to ensure the realisation of legacies, community involvement and support has to be leveraged at all stages of the planning process. While reflection with regards to any changes in perceptions to prior studies is presented, a post-event longitudinal study is recommended to further gauge any changes in attitudes and perceptions that may have been registered due to event-acquired experiences which could help determine future direction in the planning and hosting of such events.
... Ritchie and Adair (2002) emphasized the importance of legacy planning in the host countries. Strategic planning is needed to keep the residents concerned about the long term development for the community, to justify the investment required to prepare the country to host the event (Hagn et al., 2007). ...
According to the literature, a sport mega-event such as the Football World Cup or the Olympic Games has many advantages for the organizing country, not only in economic terms but also in other areas. This paper analyses the possible impact of the South African economy of the 2010 World Cup. In order to do so, it studies the former 6 World Cups obtaining the positive differential in terms of the economic growth that has been generated in those 5 or 3 key years that are distributed before and after the year of the World Cup. A regression "trend" is generated to each of the 7 countries that have hosted the last 6 World Cups, and the research makes a projection of two years (2011-2012) for South Africa. The results, confirming previous findings, show that four of the seven economies in the last World Cups taken in consideration, had a clear impact on the year of the World Cup. In the South African case, after registering a pre-World Cup period 2004-2008 particularly buoyant, further developments should be expected for the 2011-2012 period.
... Academic researchers cite ex post studies of cities, states, and countries that have hosted mega-events suggesting that these events typically generate lower economic impacts than anticipated. Studies of events as far flung as the Olympics (Baade and Matheson, 2002;2008b;Jasmand and Maennig, 2007) and World Cup Baade and Matheson, 2004;Hagn and Maennig, 2007), post-season play in professional sports (Coates and Humphreys, 2002;Baade, Baumann, and Matheson, 2008a), and even National Political Conventions (Baade, Baumann, and Matheson, 2009) all find that mega-events usually result in insignificant changes in real economic variables. ...
While presidential inaugurations routinely attract hundreds of thousands or more visitors to Washington, DC, for the quadrennial celebration, the authors' examination of employment from the Current Employment Statistics survey from 1939 to the present, and both employment and unemployment from the Current Population Survey from 1977 to the present, finds no noticeable effect from the event on either variable. The residents of DC should not expect an inauguration to make them any richer and the city should not count on any economic benefits generated by the event to cover the significant costs of hosting it.
... Sports stadia are, in terms of the economy, relatively small undertakings that can cause at the outset barely measurable effects on the layout of the city as a whole (Rosentraub, 1997;Hagn and Maennig, 2008;2009). Nevertheless, how is a stadium perceived by those in its immediate vicinity? ...
A range of econometric studies suggest that neither major sports events nor related new stadium construction typically have any appreciable effect on income or employment at municipal scale. However, one important issue has long been ignored in the literature: architectural quality. At present, international stadium architecture is gaining markedly in significance. New stadia are intended to serve as visiting cards for their hometowns and to accelerate urban (re)development. This article discusses the current transition in international stadium architecture and demonstrates important trends, such as the use of iconic elements, by means of selected examples. We provide an overview of the first evidence for the welfare effects of the built environment as well as of expected stadium‐related social costs and benefits. The article also reviews the first empirical evidence for the impact of a stadium at neighborhood scale. Unconventional stadium architecture is recommended as a means of either supporting area rehabilitation or amplifying the image and spending effects produced by professional sports.
Résumé
Un arsenal d'études économétriques suggère que ni les grands événements sportifs, ni la construction des nouveaux stades pour les accueillir n'ont généralement d'impact sensible sur le revenu ou l'emploi à l'échelon municipal. Toutefois, les publications ont longtemps négligé un aspect important: la qualité architecturale. Aujourd'hui, l'architecture des stades internationaux gagne clairement en prégnance. Les nouveaux stades servent de carte de visite aux villes et à accélérer l'aménagement ou la rénovation urbaine. L'article analyse la transition que connaît actuellement l'architecture des stades internationaux et dégage les tendances importantes, telles que les composantes iconiques, à partir d'une sélection d'exemples. Sont présentées les premières indications concernant les effets de l'environnement construit sur le bien‐être, ainsi que les coûts et avantages sociaux attendus relatifs à un stade. L'article examine aussi les premières données empiriques concernant l'impact d'un stade à l'échelon d'un quartier. Une architecture non conventionnelle est conseillée soit pour accompagner la réhabilitation d'une zone, soit pour amplifier les effets au niveau de l'image et des dépenses que génèrent les sports professionnels.
... .g.HAGN & MAENNIG (2008a, 2008b,JASMAND & MAENNIG (2008) or HOTCHKISS,MOORE, & ZOBAY (2003) for the use of a general post period dummy.where Z it is the income of private households in city i in year t or the employment in city i in year t, respectively. ...
Using the case of the new stadiums for the FIFA World Cup 2006 in Germany, this paper is the first multivariate work that examines the potential income and employment effects of new stadiums outside of the USA. This study is also the first work on this topic that conducts tests on the basis of a (serial correlation consistent) Difference-in-Difference model with level and trends. As a robustness check, we use the “ignoring time series information” model in a form that is modified for non-synchronous interventions. We were not able to identify income or employment effects of the construction of new stadiums for the FIFA World Cup 2006, which are significantly different from zero.
... .g.HAGN & MAENNIG (2008a, 2008b,JASMAND & MAENNIG (2008) or HOTCHKISS,MOORE, & ZOBAY (2003) for the use of a general post period dummy.where Z it is the income of private households in city i in year t or the employment in city i in year t, respectively. ...
... Many of them are dedicated to event tourism (Getz, 1989(Getz, , 1991Hall, 1992;Kang & Perdue, 1994;Carvalhedo, 2003;Dwyer et al., 2004;Chalip & McGuirty, 2004;Solberg & Preuss, 2006). Other studies focus on employment impacts (Ritchie, 1984(Ritchie, , 1996Burns et al., 1986;Mules & Faulkner, 1996;Hotchkiss et al., 2001;Hagn & Maennig, 2007) and urban development (Evans, 1995;Hughes, 1993;Meyer-Künzel, 2001). Most studies also mention environmental (May, 1995) and social impacts (Shultis et al., 1994;Hodges & Hall, 1996;Lenskyj, 2002;Fredline et al., 2003;Misener & Mason, 2006;Smith & Fox, 2007). ...
... The average development of the other cities builds the 'reference case' (Preuss, 2000, pp. 261 -264;Baade & Matheson, 2002, p. 132;Sterken, 2006;Hagn & Maennig, 2007). This statistical tool is called 'differences-in-differences' (DD). ...
This paper focuses on the legacy of mega sport events. First, the concept of legacy is defined before the problems of measuring and forecasting legacy are discussed. Benchmarking and the use of macro data do not correctly reveal legacy. Hence a bottom-up approach is introduced which identifies the event legacy by evaluation of 'soft' and 'hard' event-related changes in a host city. These changes are defined as 'event-structures' (infrastructure, knowledge, image, emotions, networks, culture). Many of them change the quality of location factors of the host city in the long-term. The benefits/costs through the transformation of the host city are the legacy of a mega sport event. Here a particular focus is put on tourism legacy.
