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Results of X-ray phase analysis of products obtained from SiO 2 compounds (from sandy wastes) -SnCl 2 Results of elemental analysis in weight,% ratios
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... In recent years, the attention of many scientists of the Central Asian republics has been attracted to the issues of obtaining structural materials based on organomineral compositions, as components of which are used combined mineral binder and cellulose organic aggregate [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. From the basic provisions of the theory of artificial conglomerates [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], which establishes the relationship between the components in concretes of optimal structure, it follows that the binder, organic aggregate and the contact zone between them should have a decisive influence on the strength of sulfur-containing concretes. ...
... At the same time, optimization of the structure of sulfur-containing arbolite can be achieved through a more complete use of the properties of organic aggregates and their involvement in the "work" of the whole arbolite concrete. The role of aggregates of different mineralogical composition in the formation of concrete structure has been studied in [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. To study the adhesion of different types of organic aggregates with the mortar part of sulfur-containing arbolite and their influence on its strength properties, we used stalks of cane, rice straw and cotton, which were crushed to the same fraction and introduced into the composition of sulfur-containing binder. ...
... The role of aggregates of different mineralogical composition in the formation of concrete structure has been studied in [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. To study the adhesion of different types of organic aggregates with the mortar part of sulfur-containing arbolite and their influence on its strength properties, we used stalks of cane, rice straw and cotton, which were crushed to the same fraction and introduced into the composition of sulfur-containing binder. Evaluation of the processes occurring in the contact zone of the mortar part of sulfur-containing arbolite with organic aggregate was the cohesive force [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. It is known that sulfur itself is a strong reducing agent, so it can affect the morphology and chemical composition of the surface of the organic aggregate of sulfurcontaining arbolites. ...
The main issue of this study is to investigate the effect of the porous structure of organic aggregate on cement stone and on the nature of the contact zone. As it is known, porous aggregate draws away some of the moisture from the adjacent cement stone layers, which promotes their compaction. In turn, the contact layers of the sulfur-containing binder also undergo changes. Also in the work, sulfur and its derivatives are used as an additive for chemical treatment. It is known that sulfur itself is a strong reducing agent, so it can affect the morphology and chemical composition of the surface of the organic aggregate of sulfur-containing arbolites. It was found that the highest index of efficiency coefficient equal to 1.02 and 1.01 have samples of sulfur-containing arbolite based on shredded cane and cotton stalks. The study of the structure of contact zones of sulfur-containing binder with shredded mercerized cane on samples from the binder dough with inclusion of shredded cane fiber showed that it has a dense and strong binder shell with a width of 35-60 μm. The results confirm that mercerization of cellulosic organic aggregates of sulfur-containing arbolites increases its adhesion ability. The obtained results of the study can be used for the manufacture of wall materials for low-rise construction.
... In works [11], it is demonstrated that the use of chemically active aluminum, chlorine, alkaline metal, and salts of sulfuric acid compounds enables the formation of cementitious formations with increased condensation of silicon-oxygen anions, thereby increasing the strength of silicate stone used in autoclave materials. In this instance, the addition of man-made raw materials to the concrete mixture specifically, slag and Portland slag cement plays a beneficial role by promoting the formation of new crystals with a predominance of «abnormal» varieties of tobermorite in their makeup [12]. This enhances the material's strength properties and lessens shrinkage deformations [13]. ...
The creation of the slag-alkaline arbolite's structure is examined in this study, which is based on measurements of the deformation of the mortar component, contact zone, and filler. Composites made of slag and alkaline arbolite are among the lightest building materials available, with excellent sound insulation and low thermal conductivity. Standard measuring equipment and procedures for analyzing the chemical and physico-mechanical properties of slag-alkaline arbolite composites were employed during the experimental tests. All of the test samples were light concrete prisms with a cross section of 150x150 mm and a length of 600 mm. For comparison, one portion of the samples was constructed of slag-alkaline Portland cement, and the other portion was made of slag-alkaline binder with crushed cotton stem fibers as an organic component. The durability and deformability of arbolite were tested under Kazakhstan weather conditions and in standard hardening chambers. The arbolite underwent a compression stress that ranged from (0.3 to 0.75) Rbn of prismatic strength. It was discovered that the organic cellulose filler added to the slag-alkaline binder based on crushed cotton stalk fiber, which makes up to 70 % of the volume, has a major impact on the way structures are formed. The system becomes rigid, the elasticity changes, and the acoustic properties in this case will fix both physical and physico-chemical processes when a porous organic filler is added. The acquired results can be applied to the creation of efficient wall materials for civil buildings, including seismic zones
One of the most perspective methods of enhancing durability of building materials and articles exposed to various aggressive media is application of sulfur for their manufacturing. For the research purposes, there has been applied the method of deep impregnation of arbolite articles with sulfur—a by-product of Zhanazhol oil production located in Aktobe region of Kazakhstan. During impregnation process of the solid grain surface, the molecules of impregnation liquid affected by physical and chemical phenomena penetrate into voids and remain there in their initial state or when exposed to elevated temperatures, catalysts and radiation transform into irreversible state. The results of the experiments have proved that in all the impregnated samples the strength had increased by a factor of 2.0 ÷ 4.8. The data have also demonstrated that depth of sulfur penetration into capillary-porous article had augmented twofold and more. Impregnation of arbolite concrete samples by sulfur gives the evidence of high strength features of arbolites. As seen from these data, strength and resistance to aggressive media of arbolites impregnated with sulfur by-products is rather high. This proves that arbolite blocks impregnated with sulfur by-products could be recommended for masonry of inspection manholes, underground engineering structures.
In the present paper, there were considered the issues of developing optimal compositions and the study of the impact of sulfur addition on strength properties of sulfur containing binders for building materials. The purpose of the research is the development of scientific principles of physical and chemical mechanics for detoxification of wastes produced by oil-processing and metallurgical industries while obtaining sulfur containing binders with enhanced adhesive and strength properties altered by the directed mechanochemical effects. While carrying out the scientific research, there have been used standard measurement methods and the methods of analysis of physical and mechanical properties of sulfur containing binding compositions obtained by the contemporary methods of analysis and testing equipment. As the result of the research, new binding substances with improved adhesive properties have been obtained and sulfur containing structural materials with the complex of enhanced physical and mechanical properties have been developed on their basis.
The present paper considers the study of creep and deformation properties of sulfur-containing arbolit exposed to various compression stresses. Investigating the creep of lightweight arbolit concretes greatly affecting the performance of bearing and envelope structures draws a special attention during the last years. This issue is of particular relevance in the regions with hot and sharp continental climate. Arbolit concrete is one of the lightest building materials with low thermal conductivity and good soundproof properties. The modern postulates of theory and practice of creation, development of high-strength arbolit concretes on the base of composite sulfur-containing binders have become the methodological framework of the present research. While carrying out scientific research, the following standard measuring and analysis methods of physical and mechanical properties have been used for sulfur-containing arbolit composites. Experimental tests have been implemented on the 28-days samples made of sulfur-containing arbolit, with the cotton plant footstalks as an organic component. The researched samples were vapor sealed with the purpose to eliminate overlapping the processes of contraction and creep. The experimental results have shown that the analysis of prisms deformation in time demonstrates certain derivation from the pattern. Deformation of prisms made of sulfur-containing arbolit loaded at the low stress level were growing at a slower rate that the same deformations at a higher stress level. No derivation has been observed for the prisms of sulfur-containing haydite concrete. For both types of concrete, creep deformation has reached the values exceeding completely recoverable deformation by a factor of 2 or all the samples, the rapid growth of creep deformation has been observed after loading, followed by the gradual slowdown of deformation growth. For sulfur-containing lightweight concretes, as the test shown, the rate of creep deformation growth depends on the hardening curve in time reflecting the process of concrete hardening. This, if compared with sulfur-containing lightweight concretes, creep of sulfur-containing arbolit concrete is significantly lower that eventually leads to the loss of creep deformation at the same stress level. The obtained results can be used when manufacturing an efficient wall material for residential construction, including seismic areas.
In this paper, the authors considered the issues related to reducing negative impact of large-tonnage toxic industrial wastes on environment by means of their detoxication and application as effective binders for building materials. For implementation of scientific researches, the standard methods of analysis of physical and mechanical properties have been used for the stone based on iron and sulfur containing binders; the contemporary methods of differential and thermal, X-ray diffraction analysis, microscopic analysis and testing apparatuses have been used. While carrying out experimental research, the authors have realized a scientific hypothesis stating that for increasing the effect of additional activation for eact particles of iron- and sulfur containing additives, their co-milling has been applied. As the result, there took place mutual neutralization and detoxication of solid industrial by-products with opposite chemical properties. In the course of experimental work aimed at preliminary determination of composition and activation of sulfur-contating additives, wet grinding was done on the pebble mill by applying abrasive and impact forces. In the course of combined action of mechano-chemical activation of industrial by-products, in the presence of water, accompanied by sulfur-containing raw mixtures for manufacturing of building materials, there was used the method of mutual neutralizion of chemically hazardous substances forming a part of industrial wastes. These methods enable to reduce the consumption of a binder due to its partial replacement by toxic by-products of oil and gas industry and metallurgy. The characteristics and properties of the specimens of iron and sulfurcontaining binder have been studied at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days of air hardening. The specimens were exposed to thermal and steam curing. It was stated that air hardened iron and sulfur-containing binders at the age of 14 days have reached the ultimate compressive strength of 62.0 MPa, at the age of 28 days – 66.5 MPa, correspondingly. The same composition exposed to steam curing at the age of 28 days has compression strength of 74.5 MPa that attests to the fact that steam curing has a positive impact on gain in strength of iron and sulfur-containing binder. The obtained research results could be apllied as an effective substance for manufacturing mortars and concrets in construction industry.
This article presents the results of the synthesis of para - and meta-hydroxyphenoxyphalonitrile, phosphorus-containing chlorangidrides with various substituents in phosphorus and 4-(3-propargyloxyphenoxy) phthalonitrile, the introduction of which into the binder, allowed to achieve the necessary viscosity indicators without
loss of heat resistance. At the first stage, it was proposed to obtain a monomer with a phenoxy group in phosphorus. For this purpose, we proposed the use of dimethylacetamide (DMAA) with K2CO3, but the product was hydrolytically unstable in the main medium, so it was impossible to isolate the desired monomer. To solve this problem, we conducted a number of experiments on the selection of synthesis conditions using various solvents. Comparing the Tgt of the obtained monomers, we found higher values for para-oriented phthalonitriles, which is probably due to higher structure symmetry, as well as an increase in glass transition temperature (Tgt) for phosphonate-based monomers. Due to the equally high thermal properties of the cured matrices, we decided to use 4-(3-hydroxyphenoxy) phthalonitrile as the main precursor, as well as phosphate chlorangidrides. Based on the
calculated data, a pattern was identified that consists in a decrease in the Tgt of phosphorus-containing phthalonitriles when switching to aliphatic substituents in phosphorus. A decrease in the Tgt of monomers was found with an increase in the size of the aliphatic substituent. As a result of the experiment, we obtained 9 new phosphoruscontaining phthalonitrile monomers with high yield that are resistant to hydrolysis, which is confirmed by the fact that the products were isolated by flash chromatography on silica gel, as well as two-dimensional TLC. The synthesized substances were glassy masses with Tgt = - 5-58 °C. The consistency of the approach involving the introduction of phosphate bridges into the structure of phthalonitriles was shown.
