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Results of Specification Curve Analysis for Trust in Government and Adoption of Prosocial Behaviour Note. The standardised β coefficients for the association of trust in government with prosocial behaviour obtained from all 90 specifications (listed on x axis) are plotted at the upper half of the graph. Each point represents the standardised β coefficient of one specification, and the error bar (in grey) represents the corresponding standard error. The dashed line indicates the median standardised β coefficient (median standardised β = 0.229, median standard error = 0.006, median sample size = 23,693). At the lower half of the graph, the corresponding specifications for each level of the three model specification factors are displayed as squares; the four individual items of prosocial behaviour were omitted due to the figure size.
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Background
The effective implementation of government policies and measures for controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic requires compliance from the public. This study aimed to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of trust in government regarding COVID-19 control with the adoption of recommended health behaviou...
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Citations
... Unadjusted avoiding crowded spaces, and practicing social isolation or quarantine 55 . While we did not discover a strong association with preventive measures, our study revealed instead that an individual's perceived vulnerability to contracting COVID-19 can influence their adoption of effective preventive measures. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic revealed disparities in policy responses in Latin America. We examined the association between trust in the president and COVID-19 preventive behaviors in Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. We used data from the Collaborative COVID-19 Response Survey by the Mc-Donnell Academy at Washington University in St. Louis (United States), from September 2020 to March 2021. Nonprobabilistic sampling included adult cit-izens from the four countries. Multivariate negative binomial regression mod-els were applied. The study included 8,125 participants, with Brazil showing the lowest adherence to preventive behaviors (65.5%). Increased adoption of preventive behaviors was linked with ages 18-26 (aIRR = 1.05; 95%CI: 1.01-1.09), 60 or more (aIRR = 1.10; 95%CI: 1.05-1.15), and high socioeconomic status (aIRR = 1.09; 95%CI: 1.05-1.13). Decreased engagement was linked to participants from Brazil (aIRR = 0.74; 95%CI: 0.71-0.78), Mexico (aIRR = 0.95; 95%CI: 0.92-0.99), basic education (aIRR = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.68-0.84), intermediate education (aIRR = 0.88; 95%CI: 0.85-0.91), low socioeconom-ic status (aIRR = 0.91; 95%CI: 0.87-0.94), lack of concern about contract-ing COVID-19 (aIRR = 0.93; 95%CI: 0.88-0.98), and poor knowledge about COVID-19 (aIRR = 0.92; 95%CI: 0.88-0.96). No significant association was found between trust in the president and preventive behaviors. Targeted com-munication, public education, and improved access to reliable information are crucial for fostering preventive behaviors. Public health practitioners should not overly concern themselves with political rhetoric, as our study suggests that trust in political authorities may not systematically affect compliance with directives.
... The type of research used in this study is an analytical survey with a Cross Sectional design, namely a study in which variables including risk factors and variables including effects are observed simultaneously at the same time. The Cross-Sectional design is widely used in public health research to analyze associations between variables without requiring longitudinal data [23]- [25]. This design is advantageous for identifying correlations and generating hypotheses, although it does not establish causality due to the absence of temporal sequence [26]- [28]. ...
Purpose of the study: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of maternal education, the level of maternal nutritional knowledge and the food intake of toddlers on the nutritional status of toddlers. Methodology: This type of research is an analytical survey with a cross-sectional design. The sample in this study was 54 toddlers obtained using random sampling techniques. The instruments used were questionnaires, 24-hour recall forms, foot scales and height measuring tapes or microtoises. The data obtained in this study were processed using chi-square test statistics. Main Findings: There is a relationship between the level of maternal education and the nutritional status of toddlers with a P value = 0.203 based on BB/A and a P value = 0.847 based on the TB/A index, the level of maternal nutritional knowledge on the nutritional status of toddlers with a P value = 0.990 based on the BB/A index and a P value = 0.171 based on the TB/A index. There is no relationship between food intake and the nutritional status of toddlers in Tamangapa Village, Manggala District, Makassar City with a P value = 0.004 based on energy intake with nutritional status BB/A and a P value = 0.006 TB/A. Novelty/Originality of this study: As a reference material for health workers and the government so that they can provide information and direction to the community, especially mothers, to pay attention to food intake and the development of the nutritional status of their toddlers.
... Therefore, the characteristics of that audience and techniques leading to PA are worth further investigating. Secondly, although more challenging, the government can improve its chances of people following its guidance by investing time and effort in really making sure that the citizens feel satisfied with its handling of health crises and trust their government (e.g., [75]). This is not an easy task, but it has definite value. ...
This study examines the relative effectiveness of the UK government’s public health messages used during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We focus on the use of a loss versus gain frame. We look at the effect of framing on behavioural inclination to follow COVID-19 guidance, as well as affective mechanisms and individual characteristic moderators that might explain said willingness. We ran two studies with a voluntary sample of the UK adult population (total n = 300). Across both studies, we only find a significant impact of message framing on the level of negative affect triggered, with the loss frame triggering a higher negative affect. Instead, attitude to public health communication had a direct and indirect effect on behavioural inclination. Our results suggest that threat minimisation and satisfaction with authorities handling a health crisis might be key to consider when developing effective public health communications.
... For example, high-income countries have better capability to implement vaccine passports in combination with stringent mitigation policies due to relatively higher vaccine availability and vaccinated population than other countries, which may strengthen the association between stringency index and vaccination rate in high-income countries [50][51][52][53]. Furthermore, populations in these countries generally have a higher level of trust in government than populations in LMICs, as shown in CPI, making them more likely to adhere to strict mitigation policies such as lockdowns, social distancing, and vaccine mandates because they trust the government [54]. ...
Introduction
Vaccines against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are being developed and supplied at an unprecedented rate. However, disparities in income levels among countries has influenced the supply and vaccination rate. This imbalance poses a potential risk factor, especially if vaccine-resistant variants emerge and the pandemic persists. To effectively combat a global pandemic such as COVID-19, understanding the key factors that influence vaccination rates worldwide is essential. This study utilizes cross-country panel regression to examine the factors associated with vaccination rates in countries at different income levels.
Methods
We analyzed weekly vaccination rates in relation to several COVID-related variables, including government suppression policies, vaccination coverage, and search trends from Google Trends. The data consistently spanned from March 2021 to February 2022. Random-effects panel regression models were employed to identify factors linked to weekly vaccination rates by income level. Independent variables included disease status, country characteristics, policy variables, and search trends.
Results
Significant disparities in weekly vaccination rates were observed between income-level groups. High-income countries experienced considerable fluctuations during outbreaks, whereas, low- and lower-middle-income countries demonstrated steady increase over time. The random-effects model, stratified by income level, showed that the vaccination coverage and search trend for “COVID-19 vaccine” were commonly associated with higher vaccination rates across all income groups. However, other factors varied based on income level, and gross domestic product per capita was not significant in the regression based on income level.
Conclusion
Vaccination rate and their associated factors differed across income levels. There is no universal strategy for boosting vaccination rates during a pandemic. Consequently, country specific approaches, including promotional programs to raise awareness and interest in vaccination, are essential for preparing for future pandemics.
... Despite this theoretical expectation, empirical evidence had been inconsistent and inconclusive. On the one hand, some studies found that those who report having a greater trust in health officials were on average more likely to comply with vaccine recommendation (Ophir, 2019) and COVID-19 behavioral recommendations, while those with lower trust were less willing to follow public health guidelines (e.g., Han et al., 2021;Mug ̬ alog ̬ lu et al., 2022). Similarly, trust in public health organizations was found to be a negative predictor of vaccine hesitancy such that low trust in public health organizations is associated with greater vaccine hesitancy (e.g., Cho et al., 2022;Jose et al., 2022), which, as mentioned earlier, is problematic in terms of consequences to public health. ...
... Trust in government has been positively associated with increased in compliance with preventive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic (Bargain & Aminjonov, 2020a;Han et al., 2021a;Lim et al., 2021;Wright et al., 2021). Trust enhances prosocial behavior and increases the willingness to accept government mandates. ...
High levels of trust are positively correlated with increased collaboration, prosocial actions, and heightened adherence to preventive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous studies on trust during the pandemic have primarily focused on either cross-sectional data or its impact in conjunction with other related variables, such as political party affiliations or vaccine availability. In this study, we employed a national survey panel comprising data from 760 individuals interviewed at three intervals between July 2020 and January 2021. We used pooled datasets, panel datasets, and dependent variable lags to control for time-invariant unobservable variables and endogeneity. Our findings reveal that trust in government influences individuals’ behavior when they are requested to follow public interventions. Notably, trust in local government is associated with increased adherence to COVID-19 preventive behaviors, similar to the effect observed with an annual income exceeding $100,000.
... The Health Belief Model shows that key drivers for vaccination uptake are the individual perceived likelihood of getting infected and of developing severe symptoms of COVID-19, together with benefits of preventive measures (i.e., vaccination). However, other factors need to be considered, including the trust in government, health authorities, and science, the belief in conspiracy theories (Barattucci et al., 2022;Han et al., 2023;Liddell et al., 2021;Wong et al., 2021), and the psychological reactance, which posits that strongly persuasive messaging and social pressure can be perceived as a threat to freedom (Huang et al., 2024;Verpaalen et al., 2023). In our study, for many participants, fear of COVID-19 alone was not a significant driver for vaccination, as it was strongly moderated by beliefs in conspiracy theories, which were prevalent during the pandemic, in line with other study findings (Czapka et al., 2023;Gordon, A.C.T, & Mamluk, L, 2023;Sallam et al., 2021;Vandrevala, Hendy, Hanson, Alidu, & Ala, 2023). ...
Migrants and women were among the groups most severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic disaster. By adopting an intersectional lens, it can be inferred that migrant women (MW) were particularly vulnerable to its impacts. This study aims to explore the multifaceted impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on MW living in Milan, Italy, investigating a broad spectrum of experiences. We conducted a phenomenological study using semi-structured interviews from September 2023 to January 2024. Interviews were transcribed and inductively analyzed. We interviewed 19 cisgender MW coming from 10 different countries, with a median age of 43 years. At the pandemic's onset, 12 were undocumented migrants, four were documented, while three had obtained Italian citizenship. Most held informal job positions, primarily as domestic workers, and were impacted by the economic crisis triggered by the pandemic. Both before and during the pandemic, non-governmental organizations were the preferred entry point to the healthcare systems. Their psychological well-being was compromised by distance from family members and the extensive COVID-19 media coverage. Despite skepticism, most MW adhered to the vaccination campaign due to its de-facto mandatory nature. Social isolation was not considered a major impact. Overall, MW did not perceive themselves as a particularly vulnerable group. Systemic interventions to address inequalities faced by MW should be incorporated throughout the entire disaster risk management cycle and an intersectional approach should be integrated into all stages of public policy development. As distrust emerged as a particularly significant issue building trust before disasters is crucial for an effective response.
... Al-Qerem et al., 2022;Caso et al., 2019;Jarmolowicz et al., 2018;Kim et al., 2022;Koinig, 2022;Koroma et al., 2022;Tran et al., 2018) Experiments 27 20(Böhm et al., 2016;Capasso et al., 2021;Chu & Liu, 2021;Iyer et al., 2022;Kelp et al., 2022; Longitudinal studies 10 7(Collis et al., 2022;Mertens et al., 2022;Phillips et al., 2022; Tam et al.Maertens et al., 2017;Reno et al., 2018;Shoup et al., 2015) Cross-sectional + Longitudinal Studies 2 1(Han et al., 2021;Petherick et al., 2021) ...
... Of interest, one unexpected result lies in the main effect of risk perception on psychological outcomes, which had shown that the higher the risk was, the more positive the outcomes were anticipated. This is contrary to other moments in the pandemic when higher risk perception was related to higher concerns and lower well-being (Han et al., 2021), thus highlighting the contextual nature of risk perception. Looking more closely at the interaction between policy and risk, this positive association between perceived risk and expectations is only true for the restrictive scenarios, while lower anticipated outcomes are perceived for the abolition scenario when risk is high. ...
In January 2022, several vaccination policies were debated to address the Omicron outbreak in Belgium. Considering variability in risk perception and vaccine uptake, this study aimed to understand differences in support and expectations for four scenarios, ranging from relaxed to restrictive vaccination policies, to inform policymakers. Using an online survey, 12,670 participants (46% female; M age = 45.9, SD = 13.38) reported their risk perception, number of vaccination doses (0/1, 2, 3 doses) as well as their support and several anticipated psychological outcomes for each scenario. Mixed model ANCOVA showed a pattern of preferential support for the relaxed scenario and more positive anticipated outcomes (general well‐being and government appraisals) compared to the restrictive policies, that were treated equivalently. An exception to this pattern was found when people were vaccinated with three doses and perceived high risk. Taken separately, risk perception and vaccination status were not sufficient to drive positive attitudes toward restrictive policies; only their interaction had an effect. Limitations include the self‐selected sample and the vignette methodology. The conjunct role of risk perception and vaccination status should be considered when discussing the introduction of restrictive vaccination policies. These findings inform vaccination strategies management during pandemics.
... Firstly, high trust in local public health experts were significantly associated with 'avoiding crowded places' and 'avoiding contact with people with flu'; however high trust in the government was not significantly associated with adherence to any COVID-19 PHSM. Debates on how trust affects adherence behaviour to COVID-19 PHSM have been ongoing ever since the pandemic started [28][29][30], with #Missing data n = 3 for highest education attained, n = 1 for employment status, n = 8 for monthly personal income, n = 31 for chronic conditions. Pre-university includes polytechnic, Institute of Technical Education, and Junior College mixed results reported within Singapore. ...
Background
At the onset of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic when pharmaceutical interventions were not readily available, governments relied on public health mandates and social distancing measures to counter rising infection rates. In order to address the dearth of longitudinal studies, this study sought to identify factors associated with continued adherence to COVID-19 preventive behaviours in Singapore.
Methods
Data were from a two-wave longitudinal cohort study; baseline study was conducted from May 2020 to June 2021 and follow-up study from October 2021 to September 2022. Participants (n = 858) were Singapore residents, aged 18 and above, and able to speak English, Chinese or Malay. Weighted multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to identify factors associated with adherence to the COVID-19 measures.
Results
Adherence rates of ‘avoid dining out’, ‘crowded places’, ‘people with flu symptoms’ and ‘small group gatherings’ at baseline were 39.41%, 60.82%, 79.82%, and 44.82% respectively. All measures had a decrease in adherence rates across the two-waves. Older age groups were associated with greater adherence to ‘avoid dining out’ and ‘avoid crowded places’. Having high trust in local public health experts was associated with greater adherence to ‘avoid crowded places’ and ‘avoid people with flu symptoms’. Fear of family and friends getting infected with COVID-19 was associated with ‘avoid dining out’ and ‘avoid crowded places’.
Conclusions
Soft interventions like nudges can be implemented at crowded places to remind the public of the ease of transmitting the virus to their loved ones. Increasing media presence of public health experts can be a viable alternative to improve adherence.
