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Results of PCR amplification of the 5'-end of MBA genes of all 14 serovars of U. urealyticum using primers UMS-170 and UMA263. Biovar 1 consists of serovars 1, 3, 6 and 14, the other ten serovars belong to biovar 2. Lanes: MI molecular mass markers 4x174 DNNHinfl; 1-14 correspond with U. urealyticum serovars, ATCC strains; 8', UAB reference strain of U. urealyticum serovar 8.
Source publication
In this study, the phylogenetic relationships between the two biovars and 14 serovars of Ureaplasma urealyticum were studied using the sequences of four different genes or genetic regions, namely: 16S rRNA genes; 16S-23S rRNA gene spacer regions; urease gene subunits ureA, ureB, partial ureC and adjoining regions upstream of ureA, ureA-ureB spacer...
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Citations
... A reaction mixture of 12.5 µL of 2× concentrated Master mix containing Taq DNA polymerase and dNTPs (Thermo Fisher) was used. All samples were examined for the presence of U. parvum, U. urealyticum, M. fermentans, M. genitalium, M. hominis, and M. pirum, according to the described protocols of Wang [11], Grau [12], de Barbeyrac [4], and Kong [13]. Table 1 reports the characteristics of the primers of the reaction protocols used to identify each of the Mycoplasmas. ...
Genital Mycoplasmas are implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes and the development of infertility. However, the role of Mycoplasma fermentans in these outcomes has not been adequately studied; therefore, its participation in these sufferings requires further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of M. fermentans in pregnant and non-pregnant women. End-point PCR was used to analyze two hundred and twenty-eight endocervical samples for M. hominis, M. genitalium, M. fermentans, M. pirum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and U. parvum diagnoses. The prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. was as follows: U. parvum was found in 83 samples (36.4%), U. urealyticum in 39 instances (17.1%), M. hominis in 36 (15.7%), M. fermentans in 32 (14%), M. genitalium in 15 (6.6%), and M. pirum in 0 samples. No association was found between the Mycoplasma spp. and some infertility conditions or adverse pregnancy. However, M. fermentans and M. hominis were found to be associated with bacterial vaginosis (RR = 3.4 CI 95% 1.85–6.3, p < 0.005). In conclusion, M. fermentans and M. hominis were isolated more often in women with bacterial vaginosis, which suggests that these bacteria could contribute to the development of this pathology.
... Ureaplasma spp. is one of the most prevalent Mycoplasma species associated with urogenital tract infection in humans, and it can be classified into 2 biovars, Ureaplasma parvum (U. parvum) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (U. urealyticum) [1][2][3]. On the basis of multiple-banded antigen (MBA) genes, 4 serovars (serovars 1, 3, 6, and 14) belong to the U. parvum biovar, and the remaining serovars (serovars 2, 4, 5, 7-13) belong to the U. urealyticum biovar [4,5]. U. urealyticum and U. parvum are prevalent in the reproductive tract of nonpregnant women of childbearing age, with estimated prevalence rates ranging from 7.6% to 28.5% for U. urealyticum and 38.3% to 60.6% for U. parvum [6][7][8][9]. ...
Background:
Ureaplasma spp. can be classified into different serovars. It is unknown whether distinct serovars are associated with clinical signs and symptoms.
Methods:
We conducted a multicentre cross-sectional study. U. parvum serovars were identified on the basis of their multiple-banded antigen (MBA) genes. After adjusting for demographic variables and other reproductive tract infections, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to determine the impact of U. parvum serovars on clinical symptoms.
Results:
Among 5,277 individuals, U. parvum serovars 3 and 6 were the most prevalent serovars (17.9% and 16.0%, respectively). Potential confounders, such as age, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, education level, contraceptive methods, number of sexual partners, gravidity, parity, and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that are associated with clinical symptoms (P < 0.1) were adjusted for in the univariate analysis. U. parvum serovar 14 was strongly positively associated with certain clinical symptoms, including redness and swelling of the vaginal wall (crude OR: 3.53, 95% CI: 1.92-6.49; adjusted OR: 5.21, 95% CI: 2.56-10.58), cervical bleeding and swelling (crude OR: 3.89, 95% CI: 2.38-6.36; adjusted OR: 7.37, 95% CI: 3.82-14.23), and cervical ectropion (crude OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.25-3.45; adjusted OR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.60-5.74). In contrast, U. parvum serovar 3 was negatively associated with a variety of clinical symptoms, whereas no correlations were detected between U. parvum serovars 1and 6 with clinical symptoms.
Conclusions:
Different U. parvum serovars exhibit distinct correlations with clinical symptoms, suggesting that U. parvum serovars are pathogenically heterogeneous and that further differentiation of serovars may be necessary.
Trial registration:
The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov ( https://www.
Clinicaltrials:
gov ; ID: NCT04694495; Registration Date: 2021-01-05).
... Phylogenetic analysis has classified Ureaplasma into two species: Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Most human Ureaplasma isolates belong to Ureaplasma parvum (biovar 1), associated with the majority genital tract infections, while Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2) is less commonly isolated (10). Despite this distinction, studies regarding male infertility often discuss the role of Ureaplasmas without differentiation (1). ...
Throughout the past decades, physicians have increasingly conferred regarding the role of Mollicutes in infertility in both male and female patients. Although Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma do not represent a leading cause of infertility, whether dermatovenerologists, gynecologists and urologists should not disregard them when screening patients with infertility problems is discussed in the present review. While these infections are completely asymptomatic in ~80% of cases, they do lead to both chronic inflammation of the genital tract and reproductive disorders. Different Mollicute strains and/or serovars, genomic traits and proteomic markers have been examined in order to understand not only the exact mechanism by which they cause infertility, but also their relationship with the worldwide spreading resistance to antibiotics. The current review provided an overview of the latest studies regarding the new findings on the relationship between Mollicutes, infertility and antibiotic resistance. Awareness should be raised among clinicians to screen sexually active adults wishing to conceive who have failed to achieve a pregnancy; in addition, an antibiogram should be performed and treatment should be carried out according to the guidelines.
... It should be noted that according to the manufacturer's instructions, the Mycoplasma Duo kit can also detect Ureaplasma parvum in the U. urealyticum well. U. parvum was originally a Biovar of U. urealyticum before it was proposed to be renamed as a distinct species based on phylogenetic analysis [25,28]. ...
Purpose
This pilot study aimed to develop a methodology characterising the urogenital microbiome as a predictive test in the IVF workup.
Methods
Using unique custom qPCRs, we tested for the presence of specific microbial species from vaginal samples and First Catch Urines from the male. The test panel included a range of potential urogenital pathogens, STIs, ‘favourable bacteria’ (Lactobacillus spp.) and ‘unfavourable bacteria’ (anaerobes) reported to influence implantation rates. We tested couples attending Fertility Associates, Christchurch, New Zealand for their first round of IVF.
Results
We found that some microbial species affected implantation. The qPCR result was interpreted qualitatively using the Z proportionality test. Samples from women at the time of Embryo Transfer who did not achieve implantation had significantly higher percent of samples that were positive for Prevotella bivia and Staphylococcus aureus compared to women who did achieve implantation.
Discussion
The results provide evidence that most other microbial species chosen for testing had little functional effect on implantation rates. The addition of further microbial targets (yet to be determined) could be combined in this predictive test for vaginal preparedness on the day of embryo transfer. This methodology has a substantial advantage of being affordable and easily performed in any routine molecular laboratory. This methodology is most suitable as a foundation on which to develop a timely test of microbiome profiling. Using the indicators detected to have a significant influence, these results can be extrapolated.
Conclusion
Using a rapid antigen test, a woman can self-sample prior to embryo transfer and obtain an indication of microbial species present which could influence implantation outcome.
... The presence of Mycoplasma hominis was noted when the test wells containing arginine were hydrolysed and the phenol red indicator was changed to red, similarly, Ureaplasma urealyticum/Ureaplasma parvum hydrolysed urea within the well also changed the indicator red.It should be noted that according to the manufacturer's instructions the Mycoplasma Duo kit can also detect Ureaplasma parvum in the U. urealyticum well. U. parvum was originally a Biovar of U. urealyticum before it was proposed to be renamed as a distinct species based on phylogenetic analysis[24,27]. ...
The aim of this pilot study was to develop a method characterising the urogenital microbiome as a predictive test in the IVF workup. Using unique custom qPCRs we tested for the presence of specific microbial species from vaginal samples and First Catch Urines from the male. The test panel included a range of potential urogenital pathogens, STIs, ‘favourable’ (Lactobacilli spp.) and ‘unfavourable’ bacteria (anaerobes) reported to influence implantation rates.
We tested couples attending Fertility Associates, Christchurch, New Zealand for their first round of IVF and found that some microorganisms affected implantation.
The qPCR result was interpreted qualitatively using the Z proportionality test. Samples from women at the time of Embryo Transfer who did not achieve implantation had significantly higher percent of samples that were positive for Prevotella bivia and Staphylococcus aureus compared to women who did achieve implantation.
The results provide evidence that most microorganisms chosen for testing had little functional effect on implantation rates. The addition of further microbial targets (yet to be determined) could be combined in this predictive test for vaginal preparedness on the day of Embryo Transfer. This methodology has a substantial advantage of being affordable and easily performed in any routine molecular laboratory.
This methodology is most suitable as a foundation on which to develop a timely test of microbiome profiling. Using the indicators detected to have a significant influence, these results can be extrapolated to a rapid antigen test for a woman to self-sample prior to Embryo Transfer as an indicator of likely implantation.
... In 1954, Shepard et al., discovered that species from the genera Ureaplasma, part of the Mycoplasmataceae family together with Mycoplasma, were pathogens causing non-gonococcal urethritis [1]. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum are the main species identified as pathogenic and were identified in 1999 [2] . ...
Background
Ureaplasma parvum is usually part of the normal genital flora. Rarely can it cause invasive infections such as genitourinary infections, septic arthritis, or meningitis.
Case presentation
Here we present the first description of chronic ureterocystitis in a 56-year-old immunocompromised patient, complicated first by reactive arthritis and secondarily by contralateral septic arthritis due to U. parvum infection. U. parvum was detected in synovial fluid and in a urine sample. Treatment consisted of double-J stenting and targeted antibiotic therapy. Evolution showed resolution of urinary symptoms and clinical improvement of arthritis despite functional sequelae.
Conclusions
Given the high prevalence of U. parvum colonisation, this diagnosis should remain a diagnosis of exclusion. However, because of the difficulty in detecting this microorganism, it should be considered in unexplained subacute urethritis or arthritis, including reactive arthritis, especially in immunosuppressed patients. Real-time PCR positivity in the absence of a differential diagnosis should not be overlooked.
... U. urealyticum is subdivided into 2 separate species or bio variations (biovars): U. urealyticum and U. parvum. 15 The 2 biovars are classified into 14 different subtypes (serovars), with serovars 1, 3, 6 and 14 are classified as U. parvum and serovars 2, 4, 5, 7 to 13 are classified as U. urealyticum. The classification of the serovars is based on genome size, 16S ribosomal RNA sequence, manganese growth response and differences in the multiple banded antigen genes. ...
Ureaplasma species are increasingly recognized as relevant pathogens in prenatal, perinatal and postnatal morbidity. They are commonly found as commensals on the mucous membranes of the lower urogenital tract of pregnant women, but when ascending, they can cause bacterial vaginosis, chorioamnionitis, premature birth and postnatal morbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and early-onset neonatal sepsis and meningitis. The detection of Ureaplasma species is challenging and is not covered by routine diagnostics, and current empiric antibiotic treatment in neonates suspected of infection is not directed against Ureaplasma species. The aim of this review is to discuss the pathophysiology of Ureaplasma infections, the clinical consequences and the current difficulties in diagnosis and treatment by providing an overview of the current literature.
... Originally it is thought to have evolved from clostridium-like ancestors through the process of gene deletion (Fanrong et al., 1999;Freundt, 1983;Waites, 2006). Ureaplasma was first discovered in 1954 samples collected from human urogenital tract and classified in 1974 as a new genus and species. ...
... The arrangement of the C-terminal domain of the MBA is responsible for the serovar specificity and the sequence heterogeneity of the 5' region of the MBA gene assist in dividing these 14 serovars into subgroups. Teng, et al, (1994) and others succeeded in determining that a gene with high homology to the MBA gene of SV3 existed in the remaining 13 reference serovars as well as in all clinical isolates (Fanrong et al., 1999;Pitcher et al., 2001;Teng, 1994). ...
... The establishment of the species concept for human Ureaplasma spp. was initially defined by molecular techniques, including DNA-DNA hybridization (Christiansen et al., 1981), restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns , genomic size differences (Kakulphimp et al., 1991), arbitrarily primed PCR (Grattard et al., 1995;, and variation in nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA, 16S rRNA intergenic spacer, urease, and mba genes. Conventional PCR assays for detection and serotyping were also developed based on these genetic variations Harasawa and Kanamoto, 1999;Kong et al., 1999Kong et al., , 2000aPitcher et al., 2001;Ruifu et al., 1997;Teng et al., 1994;Zheng et al., 1995) (see Ureaplasma). Sequencing and these molecular techniques provided the supporting evidence required for the formal emended taxonomy of the human ureaplasmas, from two "biovars" into two separate species, U. parvum and U. urealyticum (Robertson et al., 2002). ...
... The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the Mollicutes have been sequenced and aligned to define the evolutionary relationships of the seven human and animal Ureaplasma spp. Robertson et al., 2002;Weisburg et al., 1989) and to confirm the separation of the human ureaplasmas into two species U. urealyticum and U. parvum (Kong et al., 1999;Robertson et al., 1994Robertson et al., , 2002. The Ureaplasma phylogenetic cluster is shown in Figure 4 (within the article Mycoplasma), and clearly shows the phylogenetic relationships within the M. pneumoniae group of the order of Mycoplasmatales. ...
... These include the avian isolate Ureaplasma gallorale D6-1 T (ATCC 43346 T =NCTC 11707 T ) , the feline isolates Ureaplasma cati FT2-B T (ATCC 49228 T =NCTC 11710 T ) and Ureaplasma felinum F2 T (ATCC 49229 T =NCTC 11709 T ) (Harasawa et al., 1990a), the canine isolate Ureaplasma canigenitalium D6P-C T (ATCC 51252 T ) (Harasawa et al., 1993), and the bovine isolate Ureaplasma diversum A417 T (ATCC 43321 T =NCTC 10182 T ) (Howard and Gourlay, 1982). The GenBank DNA sequences for Ureaplasma were used; these were, respectively, AF073450, AF073456, U62937, D78649, D78651, D78648, and D78650 Stemke and Robertson, 1996;Kong et al., 1999). The rRNA gene sequence included as a basis for comparison was that of Mycoplasma pneumoniae of the same Mollicutes clade, as represented by the type strain, FHT (ATCC 15531 T =NCTC 10119 T ) (Somerson et al., 1963) (GenBank accession no. ...
U.re.a.plas'ma. N.L. fem. n. urea urea; Gr. neut. n. plasma anything formed or molded, image, figure; N.L. neut. n. Ureaplasma urea form.
Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Mycoplasmatales / Mycoplasmataceae / Ureaplasma
Bacteria in the genus Ureaplasma , pleomorphic, small (100–800 nm in diameter), primarily coccoid cells, devoid of a cell wall, surrounded by a trilaminar‐membrane structure. Coccobacillary and filamentous forms also occur. These bacteria form exceptionally tiny (<0.2 mm) colonies on solid media. Similar to the closely related genus Mycoplasma , ureaplasmas have small (0.75–1.01 Mb) A+T‐rich genomes, use the codon UGA to encode tryptophan, and are nutritionally fastidious. Unlike mycoplasmas they hydrolyze urea rather than glucose or arginine for ATP synthesis. DNA–DNA hybridizations, serotyping of phase‐variable surface‐exposed lipoproteins [the multiple‐banded antigen (MBA)], PCR, and sequencing of the multiple‐banded antigen gene ( mba ), 16S rRNA, and urease genes have defined the species and serovars for this genus. In nature, all species are commensals and/or opportunistic pathogens of vertebrate hosts. Based on the most recent comparative genome analyses, a consensus is emerging that strains associated with humans, the species Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum , undergo extensive horizontal gene transfer and may exist collectively as quasi‐species rather than as stable serovars in their native environment.
DNA G + C content (mol%) : 25.4–31.9 (complete genome sequences).
Type species : Ureaplasma urealyticum Shepard et al. 1974 AL emend. Robertson et al. 2002.
... can be grouped into Ureaplasma parvum (biovar 1) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (biovar 2), whose DNA homology is less than 60%. U. parvum is more common than U. urealyticum, when isolated from clinical specimens, but both biovars may occur simultaneously in some patients (Fanrong et al., 1999;Waites et al., 2005). In men, M. hominis and U. parvum are not evidently related to diseases, but U. urealyticum is associated with nongonococcal urethritis cases, but there is no link to infertility. ...
Nemonoxacin, a newly developed non-fluorinated quinolone (NFQ), selectively inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase activity. However, its activities against Mycoplasmas have rarely been studied to date. Herein, the activities of nemonoxacin were evaluated against clinical isolates of 50 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 20 Mycoplasma hominis, and 77 Ureaplasma spp., and they were compared to fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and macrolides. Nemonoxacin MICs (μg/ml) ranged from 0.03 to 0.25 for M. pneumoniae, 0.25 to 8 for M. hominis, and 0.06 to >16 for Ureaplasma spp., and all of the ranges are similar to those of fluoroquinolones. The activity of nemonoxacin against Mycoplasmas was not affected by resistance to macrolides in the strains tested, but it seems to have the same resistant mechanism as fluoroquinolones. In addition, minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of nemonoxacin to M. pneumoniae were within two dilutions of the MIC values, indicating a bactericidal effect on M. pneumoniae. Nemonoxacin merits further study for treating infections caused by these organisms.
