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... The CQT research literature was the subject of a number of reviews over the years. Typical of those reviews are: Kircher et al. (1988), Raskin et al. (1997, Iacono and Lykken (1997), National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences (NRC) (2003), Honts (2004), Vrij, Mann, et al. (2008); APA (2011); and Raskin et al. (2014). There is variation across the reviews, but nevertheless they generally produced overall accuracy estimates of over 85%. ...
... Honts and Schweinle (2009) used Information Gain (Wells & Olson, 2002) and provided three information gain curves for truthful, inconclusive and deceptive outcomes. Other studies have simply calculated weighted means from a 2 (Innocent or Guilty) by 3 (Truthful, Inconclusive, Deceptive) contingency table (Raskin et al., 1997) or some variation thereof (Iacono & Lykken, 1997). The use of three outcomes thus increases the complexity of interpretation of the aggregated data. ...
We conducted a meta-analysis on the most commonly used forensic polygraph test, the Comparison Question Test. We captured as many studies as possible by using broad inclusion criteria. Data and potential moderators were coded from 138 datasets. The meta-analytic effect size including inconclusive outcomes was 0.69 [0.66, 0.79]. We found significant moderator effects. Notably, level of motivation had a positive linear relationship with our outcome measures. Information Gain analysis of CQT outcomes representing the median accuracy showed a significant information increase over interpersonal deception detection across almost the complete range of base rates. Our results suggest that the CQT can be accurate, that experimental studies are generalizable, and no publication bias was detected. We discussed the limitations of the field research literature and problems within polygraph profession that lower field accuracy. We suggest some possible solutions. K E Y W O R D S comparison question test, deception detection, polygraph, psychophysiological deception detection
... The CQT research literature was the subject of a number of reviews over the years. Typical of those reviews are: Kircher et al. (1988), Raskin et al. (1997, Iacono and Lykken (1997), National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences (NRC) (2003), Honts (2004), Vrij, Mann, et al. (2008); APA (2011); and Raskin et al. (2014). There is variation across the reviews, but nevertheless they generally produced overall accuracy estimates of over 85%. ...
... Honts and Schweinle (2009) used Information Gain (Wells & Olson, 2002) and provided three information gain curves for truthful, inconclusive and deceptive outcomes. Other studies have simply calculated weighted means from a 2 (Innocent or Guilty) by 3 (Truthful, Inconclusive, Deceptive) contingency table (Raskin et al., 1997) or some variation thereof (Iacono & Lykken, 1997). The use of three outcomes thus increases the complexity of interpretation of the aggregated data. ...
We conducted a meta‐analysis on the most commonly used forensic polygraph test, the Comparison Question Test. We captured as many studies as possible by using broad inclusion criteria. Data and potential moderators were coded from 138 datasets. The meta‐analytic effect size including inconclusive outcomes was 0.69 [0.66, 0.79]. We found significant moderator effects. Notably, level of motivation had a positive linear relationship with our outcome measures. Information Gain analysis of CQT outcomes representing the median accuracy showed a significant information increase over interpersonal deception detection across almost the complete range of base rates. Our results suggest that the CQT can be accurate, that experimental studies are generalizable, and no publication bias was detected. We discussed the limitations of the field research literature and problems within polygraph profession that lower field accuracy. We suggest some possible solutions.
... The rationale and the theoretical framework that stands behind the CQT have been a matter of a long-lasting controversy between academicians and practitioners and among individuals and groups within the academia itself (e.g., Ben-Shakar et al., 2015;Elaad, 2015;Ginton, 2015;Lykken, 1979;NCR, 2003;Palmatier & Rovner, 2015;Raskin & Podlesny, 1979). A major dispute revolves around the validity and accuracy of the test (e.g., Honts, Raskin and Kircher, 2005;Iacono and Lykken, 2005). This is, of course, an empirical issue that should be resolved by research. ...
Given the inherent difficulties in validating the comparison question polygraph test (CQT) by using a wide range of the conventional two categories of studies—field and laboratory— (NRC ‐ The polygraph and lie detection, 2003), the innovative method presented by Ginton (Psychology, Crime & Law, 2013, 19, pp. 577–594), has been considered to be a breakthrough (Raskin & Kircher, 2014, Validity of polygraph techniques and decision methods. p. 82). In their recent review of the current status of polygraph validity, Iacono and Ben‐Shakhar (Law & Human Behavior, 2019, 43, pp. 86–98), dedicated a significant portion of their article to scrutinising that novel approach. They did applaud Ginton's innovation for the development of the new methods but criticised its outcomes to the point that nullified any contributions it might have had in dealing with the long‐lasting controversy regarding the CQT validity. The present response to that critique examines their argumentations in dismissing Ginton's study point by point, indicating reliance on some speculations that had nothing to do with reality and a profound misunderstanding or misinterpreting of the data.
... Comparison Question Technique (CQT) is a frequently used method on polygraph examinations in many countries. The validity and reliability of the technique have been proven in prior studies [28]. The CQT is composed of the three types of questions: relevant, comparison, and neutral questions. ...
The increasing recidivism rate of sex offenders indicates potential problems in existing recidivism programs. The present study was conducted to determine whether the polygraph examination is a useful technique to obtain a sex offender’s concealed past sexual history. We collected fifty-two sex offenders’ data and analyzed it. Among the 52 participants, the court ordered 26 sex offenders to take the psychiatric evaluation and the polygraph test. The other half were prisoners at the hospital who were currently undergoing treatment. The participants in the polygraph group disclosed more deviant sexual behaviors and paraphilia interests/behaviors than the comparison group. Thus, the polygraph examination is a powerful tool that can encourage sex offenders to disclose hidden information to help create suitable psychological therapy programs for preventing recidivism in the future.
... Direct exchanges in the literature between these groups continued until 2002 (Honts, Raskin, and Kircher, 2002;Iacono and Lykken, 2002). Those disagreements were argued at a number of different levels on various topics. ...
We review and analyze a thought experiment first published in Iacono (1991) and reintroduced in Iacono and Ben-Shakhar (2019). The Iacono Thought Experiment (ITE) appears to have used backtracking methods to generate a series of assumptions and preconditions which would make it possible to have a polygraph test with chance accuracy that produces a confession-criterion field study with high accuracy. From this thought experiment, Iacono promulgated a hypothesis that all polygraph confession criterion studies produce exaggeratedly high estimates of accuracy. Our analysis of the assumptions and preconditions of the ITE found them to be unrepresentative and highly unlikely to be met in real world settings. We used a converging evidence approach that applied meta-analytic results, field studies that did not use a confession criterion, and data from wrongful conviction cases that involved polygraph examinations to test the Iacono hypothesis. We found strong falsification evidence to the Iacono hypothesis and conclude that it should be abandoned as a meaning description of field polygraph research.
... In 1997, the American Polygraph Association commissioned a review of 12 field validity studies conducted since 1980, concluding that the accuracy of the CQT in real-life applications fell between 92%-98% (Forensic Research Incorporated, 1997). In the same year, Raskin, Honts, and Kircher's (1997) review of field studies that appeared since 1988 produced an overall accuracy of 90.5%. With access to the same information, Saxe and Ben-Shakhar (1999) and Iacono and Lykken (1997) concluded that the literature was methodologically inadequate, the accuracy of the CQT was thus indeterminate, the accuracy claims of polygraph proponents were not credible, and the CQT did not meet the U.S. Supreme Court Daubert standards for what constitutes admissible scientific evidence in legal proceedings (see also Gallai, 1999). ...
Fifteen years have elapsed since a report was released by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) on the scientific status of polygraph testing. The NAS report concluded that the scientific basis of the comparison question technique (CQT) was weak, the extant research was of low quality, the polygraph profession’s claims for the high accuracy of the CQT were unfounded, and, although the CQT has greater than chance accuracy, its error rate is unknown. Polygraph proponents argue that current research indicates that the CQT has 90% or better accuracy, the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences’ (2003) analysis supports this accuracy claim, and the CQT qualifies as legally admissible scientific evidence. We review the scientific literature that has appeared since the appearance of the NAS publication, including a new method for estimating polygraph accuracy. We show that the NAS report has been misrepresented and misinterpreted by those who support use of the CQT in forensic settings. We conclude that the quality of research has changed little in the years elapsing since the release of the NAS report, and that the report’s landmark conclusions still stand.
... Another important difference between laboratory and realistic settings is related to the form by which critical items are encoded. Mock-crime items are typically encoded under optimal conditions: a highly controlled setting in which the pre-tested details are rehearsed until remembered perfectly (Honts, Raskin, & Kircher, 2002;Carmel et al., 2003). Moreover, participants are often aware of the fact that a deception detection test will be administered subsequently. ...
... Traditional computer-aided deception detection often includes the use of a polygraph device coupled with accompanying sensors to aid in determining the veracity of a person's statements. A polygraph device requires the direct measurement of a person's heart rate, skin conductance, respiration , and blood pressure by a trained polygraph examiner [14]. This process is expensive, obtrusive, and not easily scalable to a large number of interactions. ...
... It is also unlikely that interacting with a polygraph system will affect long-term job performance after being hired. Users have very little control over the examination process, structure, or the data that are collected [14,34]. The ways users interact with adversarial systems are fundamentally different from the ways users interact with traditional information systems . ...
Deception is an inevitable component of human interaction. Researchers and practitioners are developing information systems to aid in the detection of deceptive communication. Information systems are typically adopted by end users to aid in completing a goal or objective (e.g., increasing the efficiency of a business process). However, end-user interactions with deception detection systems (adversarial systems) are unique because the goals of the system and the user are Orthogonal. prior work investigating systems-based deception detection has focused on the identification of reliable deception indicators. This research extends extant work by looking at how users of deception detection systems alter their behavior in response to the presence of guilty knowledge, relevant stimuli, and system knowledge. An analysis of data collected during two laboratory experiments reveals that guilty knowledge, relevant stimuli, and system knowledge all lead to increased use of countermeasures. The implications and limitations of this research are discussed and avenues for future research are outlined.
... The American Polygraph Association [2] considers the form of the directed-lie test developed and validated at the University of Utah [22,26] to be a validated technique (a study with two or more published empirical studies with an average accuracy of decisions of 90% or more.) Despite its wide application, the probable-lie version of the CQT has several inherent problems [53], and some suggest that the directed-lie is a remedy for most of these problems [4,[22][23][24]26,43]. Probable-lie comparison questions can be difficult to administer in field settings and require psychological sensitivity, sophistication, and skill on the part of the examiner to obtain an accurate outcome (see the review by [43]). ...
We conducted a mock crime experiment with 250 paid participants (126 female, MdnAge=30years) contrasting the validity of the probable-lie and the directed-lie variants of the Comparison Question Test (CQT) for the detection of deception. Subjects were assigned at random to one of eight conditions in a Guilt (Guilty/Innocent) X Test Type (Probable-lie/Directed-lie) X Stimulation (Between Repetition Stimulation/No Stimulation) factorial design. The data were scored by an experienced polygraph examiner who was unaware of subject assignment to conditions and with a computer algorithm known as the Objective Scoring System Version 2 (OSS2). There were substantial main effects of Guilt in both the OSS2 computer scores F(1, 241)=143.82, p<.001, ηp(2)=0.371, and in the human scoring, F(1, 242)=98.92, p<.001, ηp(2)=.29. There were no differences between the test types in the number of spontaneous countermeasure attempts made against them. Although under the controlled conditions of an experiment the probable-lie and the directed-lie variants of the CQT produced equivocal results in terms of detection accuracy, the directed-lie variant has much to recommend it as it is inherently more standardized in its administration and construction.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Inc.
... Finally, it should also be noted that all these forensic studies conducted to date were designed to determine whether fMRI can be successfully used to reveal the presence of concealed information. However, GKT/CIT procedures have been criticized repeatedly for their overall lack of applicability to the vast majority of forensic situations (cf., Honts et al., 2005;Krapohl, 2011), and thus research needs to be done on a wider variety of deception scenarios. ...
Although all credibility assessment measures, whether behavioral, cognitive, or emotional, arise from brain activity in the central nervous system, little was known about the neural basis of deception. The chapter describes how research in the new discipline of cognitive neuroscience, which aims to unify psychology and neurobiology, can reveal the neurocognitive basis of a complex function like deception. This research uses powerful new brain-imaging techniques, both electrophysiological and hemodynamic, to observe where and when different brain areas are activated when persons are engaged in deception. Despite the fact that this research only began a little over a decade ago, many new and important insights into how the cognitive and brain processes used during deception are instantiated in the brain have already been obtained. The chapter provides an integrated review of both the basic and applied neurocognitive studies conducted to date.
