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Aim: To explore the relation between water consumption and water use behaviour and attitudes, and devices applied in households in urban areas in India.
Methodology and study site: This paper presents the results of a domestic water consumption survey carried out in Jaipur, India. A questionnaire containing over 60 questions was developed to collec...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... results of ANOVA analysis indicate that there is only one significant difference between clusters for showering/bathing (p<0.05). As can be seen in Table 2, the highest difference is in frequency of bath/showering in the household with 4 and 6 members (Cluster 2 and cluster 4, respectively). ...
Citations
... Thus, bath and shower account most of the residential water consumption [5] [17]. In India, bathing consumes the highest amount of water consumption [3] which accounts for about 55 percent of residential water consumption [31]. In Malta, it was found that showering makes up 34 percent (80.4 L per person per day) of residential water consumption [30]. ...
Severe uncertainties climate changes course flood and droughts disaster have made clean water precious for domestic consumption. Thus, securing clean water is important. Wastage of water comes from water consumption such as from household usage. However, monitoring water consumption from household usage is tedious and time consuming. This work utilized Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize the coefficient of micro-components of water consumption (CMWC) values to determine high influential household routine parameters. Nine household parameters have been investigated namely, bath/shower, personal hygiene, flush toilet, wash cloth by hand, wash cloth by washing machine, food preparation, water plant, washing car and miscellaneous. These parameters are encoded as a chromosome data in GA to incorporate the CMWC values. The aim is to minimize the residential water consumption estimation error rates and subsequently enabling increased accuracy towards estimating and classifying the amount of residential water consumption. Data average monthly water consumption were collected from 80 households in Seremban. Water consumption has been categorized into three groups of low (L-PDWC), medium (M-PDWC) and high (H-PDWC). Comparison was made between per capita water consumption (PCC) and Domestic Water Consumption via Genetic Algorithm (DWC-GA) error rate’s values. The results are as follows; PCC method’s error rates of 9.49 and DWC-GA error rate is 1.05.
... There is increasing pressure for society to move towards more sustainable and efficient consumption, in particular household water consumption . WSAs and alternative water supply systems such as GWR included in this study are key for effective urban water demand management which can reduce the threat posed by water scarcity on human health and the environment (Lee et al., 2013; Manuscript entitled "Simulating the impact of water demand management options on water consumption and wastewater generation profiles" submitted to Urban Water Journal 2016; Rahim et al., 2019;Sadr et al., 2016;Sauri, 2019;Shan et al., 2015). The tool presented here, and associated data analysis, has general global applicability across different settings. ...
... Water efficiency measures have become a requirement for the majority of the UK water companies and are promoted by the water regulators such as Ofwat and the Environment Agency . The reduction of domestic water consumption can also be achieved to a certain extent through users' behaviour change Sadr et al., 2016). In other words, domestic water consumption and its patterns very much depends on the characteristics of the household, fixtures, appliances and equipment, and on the factors related to the user Sadr et al., 2016). ...
... The reduction of domestic water consumption can also be achieved to a certain extent through users' behaviour change Sadr et al., 2016). In other words, domestic water consumption and its patterns very much depends on the characteristics of the household, fixtures, appliances and equipment, and on the factors related to the user Sadr et al., 2016). However, effective policies and practical strategies require detailed data on how and where household water is used Stewart et al., 2009). ...
This paper describes the development and application of a simulation tool to assess the impact of water-efficient appliances and greywater recycling strategies on the domestic water consumption and wastewater generation profiles. Two time-series datasets of domestic water consumption in UK households – each consisting of more than 20,000 observations – were used to deduce water use appliance usage patterns as a function of water consumption per use for each water-use appliance and household characteristic (e.g. occupancy). The deduced trends were then used to develop a simulation tool that can generate water consumption and wastewater generation profiles reflecting user input for water use appliances and household characteristics. The inbuilt flexibility in the tool allows investigation of each water use appliance both individually and collectively, and facilitates informed decision-making for devising targeted retrofitting programmes. This research has application for water service provision and policy making globally, with potential impact on both water supply and wastewater management.
... In comparison, Indiastat used 200 l/person/day for urban areas in India. Besides, the limited surface water supplies and new technological advances have resulted in domestic water becoming increasingly dependent on groundwater to meet the demand (Sadr et al. 2016). Therefore, it is essential to consider the indicators to represent the relationship between population, economic and technological changes in modelling domestic water use (Joseph et al. 2020b). ...
... The majority of the previous large-scale assessments modelled domestic water use at annual timescale, and hence subannual variations are not considered (Alcamo et al. 2000;Islam et al. 2006). Even though the small-scale assessments analysed the per-capita water consumption changes relative to family size (Sadr et al. 2016) and facilities in the house (Barah, Sipahimalani, and Dhar 1998), the monthly variations were not included. However, within a year, domestic water demand varies with higher demands during the summer season and lower demands during the winter season. ...
Domestic water use is one of India's primary water uses that also includes irrigation, industrial, and environmental water uses. However, there is a lack of reliable data that hinders the estimation of domestic water use in India. Previous large-scale assessments often estimated domestic water use using population alone as a predictor. Economic and technological development and the improvement in the country's living standards may increase per-capita domestic water use. The present study's objective was to develop a large-scale domestic water use model in India, which considered the temporal variation of per-capita domestic water use. The economic indicator per-capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was used to model the time-variant per-capita domestic water use. The model results showed acceptable performance (NSE>0.7) at both the national and state levels. Maharashtra exhibited the highest per-capita domestic water use in the country because of the rapid economic and technological development relative to other States.
... Water crisis is due to not availability of good quality, quantity of water in different parts of India. In residential buildings, water is required for drinking, cooking, bathing, showering, washing clothes, dishes and flushing etc [1]. Shaban and Sharma [2] had accounted water requirements in various metropolitan cities in Indian such as Delhi, Mumbai, Kanpur, Kolkata etc. ...
The design of solar pumping system is basically a function of water head, water requirement. The water head or operating pressure of pump depends upon various losses in pipe. It is found that water consumption in Delhi is about 137 liters per head per day in low income group (LIG) flats. Considering 6 members are sharing a LIG flat the total water requirement 48600 liters per day has been determined. To fulfill the requirement of water 5 HP solar DC pump has been installed. To operate such capacity solar pump 16 solar modules of 235 Wp are required. The energy payback period of system is also computed based on total installation charges of solar pumping system and energy saved per year. It is found that after 6.6 years the solar pumping system will be beneficial. To ensure the availability of solar incidence at the location, solar radiation falling on tilted surface has been also computed using Liu and Jordan model at optimum tilt angle for different months of year. It is found that minimum solar radiation on tilted solar photovoltaic panel in the month of August (5.1 kWh/m²/day) and its maximum value is 7.3 kWh/m²/day in the month of May and these solar radiation are sufficient to provide power to our system.
Per capita water use is commonly employed in single-parameter models to estimate water demand, especially in regions where model input parameters are limited. Research has confirmed that the serviced population and household size positively correlate with water consumption, but the per capita consumption of household members decreases with increased household size. A central issue driving this study was the lack of an up-to-date per capita household water use guideline in the South African context. This study followed a process of explicit reasoning and inference, informed by an extensive knowledge review, stakeholder input and interrogation of relevant data, to develop a novel per capita water use estimation tool. Five main parameters were included, namely: (i) level of water service provided, (ii) usage scenario, (iii) household size (people per household), (iv) geographic region, and (v) regional property value. A Microsoft Excel–based tool was developed and is supplied online as supplementary material with this publication. The litres per capita per day tool (LCD-tool) allows for robust per capita water use estimates, as a function of the above five input parameters. The Microsoft Excel LCD-tool provides benchmarks for different South African conditions, described by context-specific service levels. The planning and management of water supply and distribution systems could benefit from the findings of this study.
