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Predicting performance in soccer games has been a major focus within talent identification and development. Past research has mainly used performance levels, such as elite vs. non-elite players, as the performance to predict (i.e. the criterion). Moreover, these studies have mainly focused on isolated performance attributes as predictors of soccer...
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... Além disso, as demandas do jogo em relação a duração da partida, número de Ciências da Saúde: Diálogos interdisciplinares sobre saúde e bem-estar, Vol. 1, 2024, 1ª ed. e-Publicar 244 substituição, nível competitivo, número de jogos, as competições disputadas, entre outros aspectos que levam o futebol sub-20 próximo ao profissional, desta forma se mostra necessário intensificar os treinamentos quando comparado as outras categorias inferiores a nível de volume e intensidade (BERGKAMP et al., 2020). ...
... Logo, treinadores se baseiam em jogos modificados, ou pequenos jogos, para elaborar atividades para o treinamento. Pequenos jogos são considerados jogos semelhantes ao jogo formal (11x11), sendo que se diminui a estrutura funcional, ou seja, o número de jogadores presentes (BERGKAMP et al., 2020;CASTILLIO et al., 2021). ...
... Sendo assim, percebe-se a importância de se analisar e treinar as ações de alta intensidade, já que tais ações são comuns em momentos decisivos do jogo, como finalização, enfretamento defensivo, ações de transição ofensivas e defensivas, entre outras (BRADLEY et al., 2023). Utiliza-se o pequeno jogo como uma abordagem para a otimização de desempenho em esportes coletivos baseado na interação simultânea entre componentes físicos, fisiológicos e técnico-tático (BERGKAMP et al., 2020). O desenvolvimento das capacidades físicas em atletas não está dissociado a lógica do jogo e ao entendimento tático, o seja, o trabalho técnico e tático pode ser atrelado ao trabalho cujo objetivo seja desenvolvimento das capacidades físicas (PRAÇA et al., 2016;RIBOLI et al., 2021;MUÑOZ et al., 2023). ...
... As mentioned above, both cognitivist and ecological approaches converge on the idea that games can promote the development of creativity, provided that the coach manipulates structural and functional constraints that lead players to create new ways to solve problems posed by the game, increasing the system degrees of freedom and promoting self-organization without resorting to stereotyped and mechanized actions (Orth et al., 2017;De Sa Fardilha & Allen, 2019;Torrents et al., 2021). As an alternative for creating rich environments, small-sided games have proven to be effective in simultaneously generating representative scenarios of formal games (Fenner et al., 2016;Bergkamp et al., 2020) and allowing for greater variability and manipulation of training designs. These aim to create tasks that can focus on the objectives to be developed in players, whether they are related to physical or tactical-technical capacities (Ometto et al., 2018;Sarmento et al., 2018;Clemente et al., 2020). ...
... Player 1's perspective is supported by research into decisionmaking in soccer which has identified how small-sided games fail to recreate the demands of a 11v11 match due to pitch size constraints resulting in players not performing frequent 11v11 actions such as long passes (O'Connor et al., 2017). On the contrary, previous research has found similarities between 11-vs-11 and small-sided games with one particular investigation finding that 7-vs-7 small-sided games were faster paced, yet representative of 11-vs-11 games with regards to the performance indicators measured (Bergkamp et al., 2020). More specifically, the study found 7-vs-7 small-sided games were representative of 11-vs-11 games with regards to actions performed, excluding aerial duels (Bergkamp et al., 2020). ...
... On the contrary, previous research has found similarities between 11-vs-11 and small-sided games with one particular investigation finding that 7-vs-7 small-sided games were faster paced, yet representative of 11-vs-11 games with regards to the performance indicators measured (Bergkamp et al., 2020). More specifically, the study found 7-vs-7 small-sided games were representative of 11-vs-11 games with regards to actions performed, excluding aerial duels (Bergkamp et al., 2020). Coach 1 commented: "… you've got to solve the problem you've got in a small-sided game in a larger sided game. ...
The ability to perceive and recognise patterns of play is important for performance in tasks with strict spatiotemporal constraints. Study aims were twofold: (i) to qualitatively investigate the mechanisms and processes underpinning how soccer players recognise patterns, (ii) to qualitatively investigate the importance of pattern recognition in competition and practice environments. Six skilled soccer central defenders and seven experienced soccer coaches were interviewed. A reflexive thematic analysis of the data identified six higher-order and twenty-two lower-order themes relating to pattern recognition and anticipation in competition and practice environments. The six higher order themes were: recognising danger and distance to ball, sources of information, experience, opposition team, organisation and communication, and development in practice environments. Participants shared that developing pattern recognition and game reading skill is crucial in creating effective practice environments that support the transfer of skills into competition. Providing central defenders with representative scenarios during practice is recommended to stimulate problem-solving and promote familiarity with patterns of play to underpin game reading and thus skilled performance.
... The inclusion criteria for the participants were participation in all SSGs and at least 60% of the total official matches [20]. Goalkeepers and players who were injured and thus unable to participate in the SSGs were excluded from the study [21,22]. All participants were thoroughly informed about the research verbally and in writing before the study. ...
Coaches frequently use small-sided games with numerical inequalities. However, it is unclear if these games accurately represent official matches. This study aims to identify the differences in external load between small-sided games and official matches among professional soccer players, incorporating the variance due to positional roles.
The analysis used GPS data collected from 20 professional football players from Turkish Super League club’s first team during the 2023-2024 season. The small-sided games (SSGs) were structured as 4vs4+3, including three joker players. Players were divided into five groups based on their field positions: central defenders, fullbacks, midfielders, wingers, and forwards. The GPS metrics recorded included total distance (m), moderate-intensity running distance (16-20 km/h), high-intensity running distance (20-25 km/h), sprint distance (>25 km/h), the number of accelerations and decelerations, and high metabolic power distance, both in absolute and relative terms. Furthermore, the SSGs were compared based on the number of days prior to official matches when they were conducted.
The findings revealed that the highest values for all external load variables were recorded 4 to 5 days before official matches (p<0.001). However, the per-minute acceleration rate (2.5003±1.09288) and deceleration rate (2.4971±1.10671) in the SSGs were significantly higher than those observed in official matches (p<0.001).
Coaches and conditioning trainers aiming to simulate match conditions in training should consider using 4vs4+3 SSGs with joker players more tactically. This approach is especially effective for enhancing possession, creating numerical superiority, and focusing on performance metrics such as acceleration and deceleration.
... In this example, the performance criterion might be an in-game defensive score based on factors such as the number of successful defensive duels, frequency of interceptions, and the application of pressure (cf. Bergkamp et al., 2020). Now that we understand the three central elements, let us explore Figure 1 in more detail, beginning with the two regression models that comprise the Lens Model: the ecological validity model (on the left side of Figure 1) and the model of a judge (on the right side of Figure 1). ...
... The inclusion criteria for the participants were participation in all SSGs and at least 60% of the total official matches [20]. Goalkeepers and players who were injured and thus unable to participate in the SSGs were excluded from the study [21,22]. All participants were thoroughly informed about the research verbally and in writing before the study. ...
Coaches frequently use small-sided games with numerical inequalities. However, it is unclear if these games accurately represent official matches. This study aims to identify the differences in external load between small-sided games and official matches among professional soccer players, incorporating the variance due to positional roles.
The analysis used GPS data collected from 20 professional football players from Turkish Super League club’s first team during the 2023-2024 season. The small-sided games (SSGs) were structured as 4vs4+3, including three joker players. Players were divided into five groups based on their field positions: central defenders, fullbacks, midfielders, wingers, and forwards. The GPS metrics recorded included total distance (m), moderate-intensity running distance (16-20 km/h), high-intensity running distance (20-25 km/h), sprint distance (>25 km/h), the number of accelerations and decelerations, and high metabolic power distance, both in absolute and relative terms. Furthermore, the SSGs were compared based on the number of days prior to official matches when they were conducted.
The findings revealed that the highest values for all external load variables were recorded 4 to 5 days before official matches (p<0.001). However, the per-minute acceleration rate (2.5003±1.09288) and deceleration rate (2.4971±1.10671) in the SSGs were significantly higher than those observed in official matches (p<0.001).
Coaches and conditioning trainers aiming to simulate match conditions in training should consider using 4vs4+3 SSGs with joker players more tactically. This approach is especially effective for enhancing possession, creating numerical superiority, and focusing on performance metrics such as acceleration and deceleration.
... Meanwhile, support is closely related to the students' ability to provide appropriate support for teammates who control the ball by being in a position to receive a pass. Other study reported that student with a high GP has a greater chance to win the competition (Bergkamp et al., 2020). ...
Background: There is a notable increase in the use of integrated learning models in physical education (PE). However, there is a lack of available resources that implement teaching games for understanding-sports education (TGfU-SE) to improve learning engagement (LE) and game performance (GP) among university level students. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effect of TGfU-SE on students’ LE and GP over a period of 12 weeks. Methods: A true experimental study with a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design for 12 weeks was adopted in this study. Participants were 54 students from Physical Education and Recreation Health at Singaperbangsa University Karawang (Indonesia) who were equally allocated into experimental (TGfU-SE, n = 27, 18.4 ± 0.88 year) and control groups (TGfU, n = 27, 19.0 ± 1.06 year). The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale for Students (UWES-9S) and the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI) were used. Student's t Paired Samples T-Test and 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA test were used to analyze the data. Results: The TGfU-SE model outperformed the TGfU model in terms of boosting LE (p < 0.05) and GP (p < 0.05). Repeated measures ANOVA shows a significant effect of time, teaching and interaction time x teaching in LE and GP (p < 0.05). Conclusion: All components of LE and GP demonstrate a positive improvement as a result of the 12-week implementation of TGfU-SE.
Keywords. Game-based instructional, Engagement, Game Performance
... From the description described above, the small side games method was chosen to improve the aerobic endurance of players. SSG is a drill designed with fewer players and a smaller field size compared to 11vs11 games (Bergkamp et al., 2020). SSG are a form of exercise carried out in the form of playing that adopts the actual game so that players can master technical, tactical, and physical skills simultaneously (A. ...
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of small-sided games 5v5 on increasing aerobic endurance in football players. Materials and methods. This type of study is a quasi-experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was Gama Muda Football School (SSB) players in Pasaman Regency (Indonesia), totaling 60 persons. Sampling was performed using a targeted sampling technique, so the sample was determined to be a maximum of 20 individuals. The players’ endurance capacity was determined by measuring their VO2max capacity. The study used the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (Yo-Yo IR Test) as an instrument to obtain research data. Data analysis in this study used the mean difference test (t-test) statistical method. Before testing our hypothesis, we first performed a normality test using the Lilliefors test. Results. After hypothesis testing, the results obtained show the value of t-count (10.15) > t-table (1.729), indicating that small-sided games 5v5 training effectively improves the aerobic endurance ability of young football players. Conclusions. The results of this study demonstrate that small-sided games 5v5 training can improve the aerobic endurance of young football players.
... Although findings from a single application such as SSG have little power to represent competitive game performance in team sports (Bergkamp et al., 2020), a player's gamespecific skills can be evaluated using GPS or notational analysis systems (Den Hartigh et al., 2018). In addition, parameters such as changes in speed, high-intensity acceleration and deceleration have important roles in the movement profiles of team sports (Harper et al., 2019). ...
... Many research results and theories suggest the VO2Max need of a soccer player. The VO2Max of international soccer players ranges from 55 -68 ml/kg/minute (Granero-Gallegos et al., 2020;Bergkamp et al., 2020;Taylor, 2016). Professional soccer players have a VO2Max that varies from 55 to 65 (Metaxas, 2021;Slimani et al., 2019). ...
Soccer is a complex sport that requires excellent physical condition. One of the important physical conditions that soccer players have is endurance or VO2Max. Therefore, a training method is needed to increase the VO2Max of soccer players, to maintain the skills they have. This study aims to compare interval training and continuous running in increasing the VO2Max of soccer players. This study is quasi-experimental with a two-group post-test design. The subjects in this study were 24 people with an average age of 23.46 years. All players are members of one of the amateur clubs in West Sumatra. They are players who only train 3 times a week. The subjects were then grouped into 2 groups through the ordinary matched pairing technique so that the interval training group was 12 people and the continuous running group was 12 people. The player's VO2Max data is obtained by conducting a test using a multi-stage fitness test (bleep test). After all the data is obtained then analyzed using the t-test. The results indicate a significant difference between the two training methods, where interval training is more effective than continuous running, it can be seen that tcount > ttable = 2.17 > 1.796. So, it can be concluded that interval training is better than continuous running in improving the VO2Max of soccer players.
