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Results for the different indices by protected area. Legend: TotEco (Total number of terrestrial and marine ecoregions); SIH (Shannon's diversity index based on the number of habitats and their relative abundance); THD (Terrestrial habitat diversity index); THR (Terrestrial habitat replaceability index); THDI (Terrestrial habitat diversity and irreplaceability index). Protected areas are ordered from left to right and from top to bottom in increasing order of THDI value.
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... this section, we compare the selected PAs based on the scores of the composite indices at PA scale and explain the differences among them, moving from the lowest to the highest THDI value (Fig. 3 and appendix F). Kakadu shows a large SIH value but a low number of ecoregions, leading to a rather low THD value. Besides, it also has a rather high THR value, leading to the lowest THDI of this set of PAs. Sierra Nevada also has a high SIH value but a slightly higher number of ecoregions than Kakadu, leading to a higher THD. Since the THR in Sierra ...
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... The study area has a major road and a national highway around the boundary of the protected area. This parameter is particularly relevant when assessing the impact of human development and transportation systems on ecosystems (Czamanski et al., 2008;Tsiafouli et al., 2013;Martínez-López et al., 2023). ...
... Understanding habitat extent is crucial for assessing the availability of ecological niches and the potential for biodiversity support Rocha-Ortega and Castaño-Meneses, 2015). Large, intact habitat areas are essential for the preservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services (Martínez-López et al., 2023). The results emphasize the need to protect and restore extensive natural habitats within the ESZ (Choudhary et al., 2020). ...
Ecological conservation and sustainable land management are vital endeavors in the face of rising anthropogenic pressures and habitat deterioration. Accurate and effective evaluation techniques are essential for identifying regions that are of ecological relevance and concern. The present research introduces an innovative approach using geospatial tools to detect natural hotspots and deficits within a landscape. The research incorporates six essential ecological parameters, namely spatial variability, vegetation health, road network connectivity, fragmentation, biological richness, and habitat areas, obtained from existing literature studies. These parameters indicate the overall health of ecosystems and the extent of biodiversity present, which are crucial for developing effective strategies for ecological planning. The research project aims to use geospatial applications to identify the “ecological rich”, “ecological moderate” or “ecological deficit” areas in the study area and to establish a model framework for automating the geospatial analysis. The resulting map offers a comprehensive and practical depiction of the ecological condition of the landscape, facilitating decision-makers in strategically allocating resources for conservation and restoration initiatives. The importance of this research resides in its capacity to streamline and automate what was previously a time-consuming and labor-intensive procedure. This innovative approach empowers conservationists, land managers, and policymakers with a powerful tool “Eco-track’ to identify and prioritize ecological hotspots and deficits, ultimately fostering more effective and targeted efforts in preserving the natural heritage.
... In characterizing protected areas, scholars analyzed habitat functional types, similarities, or heterogeneities that provide information on their ecological values and potential areas to inform protected area network planning, enhancing ecological connectivity, and guiding management decisions (Gross et al., 2013;Martínez-López et al., 2023;Purdon et al., 2022). Determining zoning boundaries in protected area requires careful consideration of the integrity of ecological patches and the connectivity between them to maximize conservation outcomes (Dou and Cui, 2014;Shuai et al., 2023;Siles et al., 2019). ...
... The utilization of remote sensing technology in managing and monitoring ecological regions is classified into several categories, including forest cover types, forest structure estimation, forest cover change detection, and forest modelling (Franklin 2001). Research study (Martínez-López et al. 2023) has found that there is a growing demand for modelling and remote sensing techniques that can generate information suitable for decision-makers involved in the development and maintenance of protected area networks. The utilization of free and open-source modelling and remote sensing tools can be advantageous in evaluating habitat diversity to bolster management plans for specific protected areas. ...
The rich vegetation areas with a variety of biodiversity are designated under categories of protected areas. Protected areas on Earth are the biomes where the elements of nature function together and maintain the life cycle. These protected areas include forest cover, rivers, waterbodies, mangroves, etc. which are the origin of ecology and biodiversity and provide natural resources utilized for human needs. Maintaining protected area is an essential aspect of managing the forest covers and a key strategy for combating the negative effects of biodiversity loss and fragmentation. The research aims to assess the vegetation health in the protected areas with NDVI using remote sensing. The paper also explores the factors for vegetation degradation and related habitat areas. The decline in vegetation quality, related species variety, and effect on their habitat areas are checked with NDVI results. The protected areas are subjected to various anthropogenic pressures, including grazing, forest fire, and wood harvesting. The paper highlights the need for effective management strategies to mitigate the identified challenges and ensure the long-term conservation and sustainability of the protected areas. This will ensure more habitat availability, healthy vegetation, genetic exchange between species populations, and a reduction in human-wildlife conflict. The findings of this paper can inform the development of more effective management strategies to protect and conserve these valuable ecosystems.
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