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Results for energy demand. a. Information needs; b. existing data; c. data gaps (results of SIRUP step II, III, IV).
Source publication
The research presented here examined at which spatial and temporal resolution urban metabolism should be analysed to generate results that are useful for implementation of urban planning and design interventions aiming at optimization of resource flows. Moreover, it was researched whether a lack of data currently hampers analysing resource flows at...
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Context 1
... of the five information needs on energy demand detected, one can be met by existing restricted data (Fig. 4). The information need that can be met, electricity demand of a neighbourhood at yearly basis (), is the only one that is not part of the cluster in the lower left corner of the SIRUP frame, delineated by week and district (Fig. 4a). Existing data sources on Amsterdam's energy demand, on the contrary, primarily provide data on yearly ...
Context 2
... of the five information needs on energy demand detected, one can be met by existing restricted data (Fig. 4). The information need that can be met, electricity demand of a neighbourhood at yearly basis (), is the only one that is not part of the cluster in the lower left corner of the SIRUP frame, delineated by week and district (Fig. 4a). Existing data sources on Amsterdam's energy demand, on the contrary, primarily provide data on yearly totals, within a spa- tial range of building to country level (Fig. 4b). The exception to this is a restricted dataset that provides data on the electricity demand of a streetlight per day. Accordingly, for all four information needs ...
Context 3
... demand of a neighbourhood at yearly basis (), is the only one that is not part of the cluster in the lower left corner of the SIRUP frame, delineated by week and district (Fig. 4a). Existing data sources on Amsterdam's energy demand, on the contrary, primarily provide data on yearly totals, within a spa- tial range of building to country level (Fig. 4b). The exception to this is a restricted dataset that provides data on the electricity demand of a streetlight per day. Accordingly, for all four information needs in the high-resolution cluster there is a data gap (Fig. 4c). Although these data gaps are similar because they have a temporal dimen- sion only (←−,), they differ in the size ...
Context 4
... demand, on the contrary, primarily provide data on yearly totals, within a spa- tial range of building to country level (Fig. 4b). The exception to this is a restricted dataset that provides data on the electricity demand of a streetlight per day. Accordingly, for all four information needs in the high-resolution cluster there is a data gap (Fig. 4c). Although these data gaps are similar because they have a temporal dimen- sion only (←−,), they differ in the size of the gap. The data gap is smallest for household cooling demand, from one year to month resolution, whereas the data gap regarding total urban electricity demand is more substantial, from one year to week up to from one ...
Citations
... Since urban metabolism provides indicators of a city's self-sufficiency, its study is an essential element of State of the Environment (SOE) research . The urban metabolism contains information on energy accuracy, resource cycling, sewage disposal, and urban infrastructure (Voskamp et al. 2018). These dimensions typically adhere to Maclaren's (1996) principles of noble sustainability indicators: they are scientifically effective (based on mass and energy conservation values), representative, attentive, applicable to planners and residents based on statistics that are comparable over time, comprehensible, and clear. ...
... In 2019, it was 56.71%, whereas in 2018, 2017, and 2016 were, respectively, 56.06%, 55.41%, and 54.75%. The rapid and consistent urban growth usually generates urban problems that have implications for urban planning and urban metabolism, for which the government has the responsibility to initiate policies to enhance sustainability, particularly in the management of urban waste and other related matters (Voskamp et al. 2018). The "urban problem" in many developing countries apparently centers around matters related to urban policy, population, and socio-economic processes. ...
Abstract
Waste management has evolved from the earlier five-step hierarchy to include many more R’s—reclaim, repurpose, remediate, renovate, replenish, revere nature, being a few of them. It can play a key role in the alleviation of, and the simultaneous adaptation to the repercussions of climate change. Waste valorisation, which is gradually entrenching itself, in both principle and practice, can go a long way in directly and indirectly enabling humankind to get closer to several sustainable development goals (SDGs) targets and perhaps overachieve in some respects. Value creation by adopting the R’s wherever, however, whenever and by whosoever possible, is a sine qua non for achieving the SDGs by year-2030 and continuing in the same vein thereafter, when the world will have to grapple more perceptibly with the repercussions of climate change. It is clear that we cannot avert climate change now. We can, at best, alleviate the intensity of its repercussions, though unfortunately not uniformly all over the world. This chapter posits waste management (urban and otherwise) in the scheme of things related to the sustainable development goals (SDGs), as both enablers and enabled. The exposition introduces readers to the multi-dimensionality of sustainable development, and thereby efficient, value-generating waste management in a circular economy/bio-economy
... Since urban metabolism provides indicators of a city's self-sufficiency, its study is an essential element of State of the Environment (SOE) research . The urban metabolism contains information on energy accuracy, resource cycling, sewage disposal, and urban infrastructure (Voskamp et al. 2018). These dimensions typically adhere to Maclaren's (1996) principles of noble sustainability indicators: they are scientifically effective (based on mass and energy conservation values), representative, attentive, applicable to planners and residents based on statistics that are comparable over time, comprehensible, and clear. ...
... In 2019, it was 56.71%, whereas in 2018, 2017, and 2016 were, respectively, 56.06%, 55.41%, and 54.75%. The rapid and consistent urban growth usually generates urban problems that have implications for urban planning and urban metabolism, for which the government has the responsibility to initiate policies to enhance sustainability, particularly in the management of urban waste and other related matters (Voskamp et al. 2018). The "urban problem" in many developing countries apparently centers around matters related to urban policy, population, and socio-economic processes. ...
The impact of the interaction between socio-economic and political processes with natural ecosystems and the built environment has been well captured by the urban metabolism framework in recent decades. In this concept, cities are equated to living organisms in terms of the consumption of natural resources and the excretion of waste products. This concept refers to cities as biological entities having internal processes continuously exchange matter and energy with their surrounding environment in order to grow. The growth pattern induced by metabolic processes may be uneven spatially and socio-economically. Master plans were prepared by the concerned authorities to control such uneven development. However, as these metabolic processes diverged, the impact was on natural resources such as vegetation, temperature, and water bodies. This chapter analyzes the changes that are seen in vegetation patterns in Bengaluru. The results showed that the metabolic processes of the city transformed vegetation to a large extent spatially. There was either a shrinking or proliferation of green cover converting the indigenous greenery to fast-growing varieties during different phases of urbanization. Resource-intensive lawns became important in corporate and residential landscaping. Finally, these changes in vegetation invariably affected temperature patterns, also showing an interconnection between these natural elements.KeywordsIT phaseLawnsSpatialUnevenUrban metabolismVegetation
... Heat demand models, on the one hand, enable policy makers to track whether current goals are realised, to define realistic future goals, and avoid policies that lead to weaker results [12]. High level spatio-temporal data and modelling results are useful for designing future heat systems because recommendations can then be formulated on decision-relevant scales [13,14]. Additionally, information about the heat demand on both the building and neighbourhood scale can inform whether heat systems can be applied or not [15]. ...
... Additionally the municipality organises participation processes for decision making on a neighbourhood scale. Because of this neighbourhood based approach, the results of the modelling framework are presented at the neighbourhood level to generate information on a decision-relevant scale [13]. The names of the neighbourhoods analysed, are 'Felix Meritis', 'Molenwijk', and 'Prinses Irenebuurt' (see Appendix A, Fig. A.8 for the location of the neighbourhoods on a map of Amsterdam). ...
Infrastructure for heat provision in the built environment needs to change remarkably to support lowering carbon emissions and achieving climate mitigation targets before 2050. We propose a computational approach for finding a mix of heat options per neighbourhood that minimises cumulative carbon emissions between 2030 and 2050, referred to as committed emissions, while at the same time adhering to technological constraints at both the household and neighbourhood scales. To establish this approach, we integrated bottom-up heat demand modelling at neighbourhood scale with a mixed-integer non-linear optimisation problem. Nine scenarios with different pathways for the insulation of buildings and the decarbonisation in electricity generation were considered and applied to three neighbourhoods in the city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The results show that (i) the committed emissions are ten times lower between 2030 and 2050 in scenarios in which ambitious measures are taken for the insulation of buildings and the decarbonisation in electricity generation, (ii) only in these ‘ambitious scenarios’ low temperature heat systems, such as heat pumps and low temperature heat networks, are optimal solutions for minimising committed emissions, (iii) if less ambitious insulation and decarbonisation measures are taken, high temperature heat options can be part of the heat mix with lowest committed emissions, and (iv) the minimum heat density for low temperature heat networks is not always achieved, creating risks for carbon lock-ins when applying these heat networks. Our results clearly indicate that pathways for the retrofitting of buildings and the decarbonisation in electricity generation need to be taken into account jointly when designing renewable and low-carbon heat systems to optimally reduce carbon emissions towards 2050 and reduce future carbon lock-ins.
... In addition, immature ethical and legal guidelines complicate the use of original data outside research (Heikinheimo et al., 2020;Fuller, 2019). While research in urban planning has consistently identified a "data gap" (Voskamp et al., 2018) we identify a particular platform gap in urban planning. Urban planners, particularly policy makers are still lacking an encompassing knowledge ground. ...
Social media (SM) has become a principal information source and the vast amounts of generated data are increasingly used to inform various disciplines. Most platforms, such as Instagram, Twitter or Flickr, offer the option to tag a post with a location or a precise coordinate, which also fosters applications of data in the geospatial fields. Notwithstanding the many ways in which these data could be analyzed and applied, scandals such as Cambridge Analytica have also shown the risks to user privacy that seem inherently part of the data.Is it possible to mitigate these risks, while maintaining the collective usability of this data for society questions? We identify urban planning as a key field for socio-spatial justice and propose an open source map-based cross-platform dashboard, fueled by geospatial SM, as a supporting tool for municipal decision-makers and citizens alike. As a core part of this tool, we implement a novel privacy-aware data structure that allows for both, a more transparent, encompassing data ground for municipalities, and a reduced data collection footprint, preventing the misuse of data or compromising user privacy.
... However, these are often only installed at scarce locations and in neuralgic points, not covering whole city districts or cities, and their sensor information is not yet merged into a digital urban twin allowing for integrated modeling, planning, and decision-making support. Furthermore, a finer spatio-temporal resolution is recommended by [149] for monitoring energy and water flows in order to develop interventions to optimize resource flows. ...
Increasing awareness of global and local climate change and the limited resources of land, surface, water, raw materials, urban green spaces, and biodiversity alter the exigencies of urban development. Already perceivable local climate changes such as heavy rains, droughts, and urban heat islands urge planners to take action. Particularly in densely populated areas, conflicting interests are pre-programmed, and decision making has to include multiple impacts, mutual competition, and interaction with respect to investments into provisioning services. Urban planners and municipal enterprises increasingly work with digital tools for urban planning and management to improve the processes of identifying social or urbanistic problems and redevelopment strategies. For this, they use 2D/3D city models, land survey registers, land use and re-/development plans or other official data. Moreover, they increasingly request data-based planning tools to identify and face said challenges and to assess potential interventions holistically. Thus, this contribution provides a review of 51 current tools. Simple informational tools, such as visualizations or GIS viewers, are widely available. However, databases and tools for explicit and data-based urban resource management are sparse. Only a few focus on integrated assessment, decision, and planning support with respect to impact and cost assessments, real-time dashboards, forecasts, scenario analyses, and comparisons of alternative options.
... Inhaling ozone has been shown to have adverse effects on human health, particularly in children. It also has negative consequences for plants and ecosystems (Chaichan, 2015a, Chaichan, 2015b, Voskamp et al., 2018. Ozone is a molecule of unstable oxygen and is a potent oxidizing agent. ...
Most of the countries in the world are suffering from the air pollution problem, including both developed and developing countries, due to their urban expansion and overpopulation. Erbil has seen a significant expansion in its population. This was complemented by significant progress in a variety of sectors. The increase in numbers of power generators and increasing the number of cars lead to an increase in the number of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. This study is concerned with the analyses and evaluation of our air quality in gaseous Pollutants such as CO, NO, NO2 O3, and SO2, then compare the concentrations of these gases with the allowable limits issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The dependence of ground-level ozone levels was modelled using statistical analysis and the multiple linear regression approach. The data were obtained from the Board of Environmental Protection and Improvement, Erbil-government-office for 2015 to 2018, which includes the concentration of the pollutants mentioned above and metrological conditions such as (wind direction, wind speed, temperature, air pressure, the relative humidity for the same period. The results show there was some increase in air pollutants. The best prediction equation (R2 = 0.671) presents the dependence of ozone concentration in Erbil city depending on data for two-year (2015 and 2016) by utilizing multiple linear regression analysis. The following software was used to analyze and plot the data (Microsoft Excel 2013, WRplot V.7.0.0 and SPSS version 14).
... Aside from data gaps, existing data is not always ideal. The required data metrics of recentness, update frequency, history of data set, accessibility, reliability of methods, scale/resolution, geographical coverage are difficult to find in even a single dataset (Vink et al., 2017;Voskamp et al., 2018). For energy management, the data interval frequency could be minutes, yet there is no adequate system available to collect, manage, and store such data on multiple urban scales. ...
In our digital multi-option society, material, social and emotional needs are
satisfied to a significant extent through offers from the profit-oriented and highly
digitized market system. Social media emerges as a relatively new meta-level between
market and consumer regarding the complex factors influencing individual
consumption routines. Social media influencers are a central factor in these dynamics
as they serve as points of orientation for young people, who are regularly exposed to
influencer content on social media platforms and the values and ideologies they reflect
and reproduce. Young people’s consumption choices regarding nutrition, too, are
significantly influenced by their socialization on social media. For nutrition and
consumer education, this means that educators need a deeper understanding of the
impact of influencers’ media content on the nutritional and consumer behavior of
children and adolescents in order to grasp their key role as reference points and
symbolic power. The EKo-K.I.S.S. project, supported by the ‘Zukunftsfonds
Steiermark’, addresses this issue by developing media-didactic concepts for nutrition
and consumer education at schools and universities based on social science studies.
This paper contributes to this project by addressing the role of influencers and its
implications for the development of teaching competence in nutrition and consumer
education. Based on results of a quantitative survey amongst Styrian pupils and
educators, it shows the importance of this topic in education and points out ways of
integrating it in educational practice.
... To formulate sustainability strategies and affiliated interventions on consumption reduction, urban planners and designers need detailed insight into urban resource flows (Kennedy, Pincetl, & Bunje, 2011;Pulido Barrera et al., 2018;Voskamp et al., 2018). To inform such strategies and interventions, it is particularly essential to comprehend not only where resource consumption takes place, but also how the specific conditions and urban characteristics at hand affect this consumption (Bettignies et al., 2019;Broto, Allen, & Rapoport, 2012;Cui, 2018;Jayarathna et al., 2017). ...
To design effective strategies for sustainable urban resource management, it is essential to understand which urban characteristics underlie consumption patterns. We used multiple linear regression analyses to examine sixteen factors on their explanatory power for spatial variation in residential electricity, gas and water consumption in Amsterdam. Four models per resource were used, based on distinct spatial units aggregating high-resolution data: neighbourhoods, districts, 100 m squares and 500 m squares. We found twelve explanatory variables for spatial variability in consumption in total and nine or ten per resource. The number and relative importance of explanatory variables varies with the spatial units used. Overall, neighbourhood models explain variance in consumption data best (adjusted R² = 0.88, 0.86, 0.74). Income level and building type stand out for having high relative importance (top 4) in all four models for two of the three resources; migration history shows an important correlation with water consumption, which was not described hitherto. We conclude that explanatory variables for resource consumption are sensitive to size and shape of spatial units used. We recommend to use future high resolution studies for different resources of interest to determine which spatial and temporal resolutions of analysis can support urban planners and designers in formulating context-specific interventions.
... Planners can then consider the resource efficiency implications of land use or infrastructure location decisions. Voskamp et al. (2018) also recommended finer spatio-temporal resolution for monitoring energy and water flows, arguing that this is required in order to develop interventions to optimize resource flows. There is also the opportunity to integrate different types of information at the disaggregated level to evaluate UM. ...
Urban metabolism (UM) is fundamentally an accounting framework whose goal is to quantify the inflows, outflows, and accumulation of resources (such as materials and energy) in a city. The main goal of this chapter is to offer an introduction to UM. First, a brief history of UM is provided. Three different methods to perform an UM are then introduced: the first method takes a bottom-up approach by collecting/estimating individual flows; the second method takes a top-down approach by using nation-wide input–output data; and the third method takes a hybrid approach. Subsequently, to illustrate the process of applying UM, a practical case study is offered using the city-state of Singapore as an exemplar. Finally, current and future opportunities and challenges of UM are discussed. Overall, by the early twenty-first century, the development and application of UM have been relatively slow, but this might change as more and better data sources become available and as the world strives to become more sustainable and resilient.
... Improving regional resource management requires high resolution spatial and temporal data on resource supply and demand (Agudelo Metson et al., 2018;Voskamp et al., 2018;Wielemaker, 2019). In this thesis it is argued that besides high resolution data on demand and supply one needs to include transport and storage, since these will remain necessary to match supply and demand. ...
