Responses of bird species to A time since fire, B amount late, C amount early, and D spatial diversity of fire in Triodia mallee (n = 22 species) and Dry foothill forests (n = 33). Bars represent the percentage of species modelled in each vegetation type whose fitted response curve resembled each of six response shapes (brown = bell, light blue = incline, peach = plateau, dark blue = decline, purple = "u-shape", gray = not significant [horizontal line can fit within the 95% confidence interval of the predicted response curve]) following Watson et al. 2012a. Numbers within bars indicate counts of species within groups

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... showed a similar response (incline) to amount late in Chenopod Mallee and Triodia Mallee, whereas the response of the whiteeared honeyeater to amount late varied between Chenopod Mallee (decline) and Triodia Mallee (bell) (Fig. 4B). Fifty percent of species in Triodia mallee responded to the amount of surrounding early-successional vegetation (Fig. 5C). Responses to this attribute were either "bell" (e.g., white-eared honeyeater, Fig. 4C) or "decline" (e.g., yellow-plumed honeyeater, Fig. 4C). Relatively few species in mallee woodlands responded to spatial diversity (Fig. 5D); however, the relative abundance of the yellow-plumed honeyeater decreased, and the relative abundance of ...

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... 4B). Fifty percent of species in Triodia mallee responded to the amount of surrounding early-successional vegetation (Fig. 5C). Responses to this attribute were either "bell" (e.g., white-eared honeyeater, Fig. 4C) or "decline" (e.g., yellow-plumed honeyeater, Fig. 4C). Relatively few species in mallee woodlands responded to spatial diversity (Fig. 5D); however, the relative abundance of the yellow-plumed honeyeater decreased, and the relative abundance of the white-eared honeyeater increased with increasing spatial diversity of successional vegetation (Fig. ...

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... foothill forests, 36% of species showed a significant response to time since fire (Additional file 6) and only 9% of species responded to this attribute in Dry foothill forest (Fig. 5A). The rose robin and superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae both showed "incline" responses and the brown-headed honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostris showed a "decline" response in Driest foothill forests (Fig. 4E). Several species, such as the rose robin (Fig. 4F), were positively associated with the amount of surrounding ...

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... and superb lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae both showed "incline" responses and the brown-headed honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostris showed a "decline" response in Driest foothill forests (Fig. 4E). Several species, such as the rose robin (Fig. 4F), were positively associated with the amount of surrounding late-successional vegetation at sites (Fig. 5B), whereas others, such as the white-eared honeyeater (Fig. 4C), were negatively associated with this attribute. Most species that responded to the amount of surrounding early-successional vegetation at sites in Dry foothill forests showed a "decline" response ( Fig. 5C) Rainsford et al. Fire Ecology (2023) 19:59 Fig. 2 Functional and ...

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... with the amount of surrounding late-successional vegetation at sites (Fig. 5B), whereas others, such as the white-eared honeyeater (Fig. 4C), were negatively associated with this attribute. Most species that responded to the amount of surrounding early-successional vegetation at sites in Dry foothill forests showed a "decline" response ( Fig. 5C) Rainsford et al. Fire Ecology (2023) 19:59 Fig. 2 Functional and taxonomic composition of the bird communities in mallee woodlands (n = 64 species) and foothill forests (n = 97 species). Bars show the percentage of species in functional groups based on diet (A), main foraging stratum (B), and nest type (C) and in taxonomic families ...

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... 4G). However, the spotted pardalote was positively associated with the amount of surrounding early-successional vegetation in Dry and Mesic foothill forests (Fig. 4G). No species responded significantly to this attribute in Driest foothill forests (Additional file 6). Species showed a range of responses to spatial diversity in foothill forests (Fig. 5D). For example, the silvereye showed a "bell" response, and the spotted pardalote showed an "incline" response (Fig. 4H). Summary data for individual species' models can be found in Additional files 4 and 5 for mallee woodlands and foothill forests, ...