Reproducibility of sizes of neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei for the various regions of the rat brain.

Reproducibility of sizes of neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei for the various regions of the rat brain.

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Background Recent anthropomorphic disturbances are occurring at an increasing rate leading to organisms facing a variety of challenges. This change is testing the information processing capacity (IPC) of all animals. Brain function is widely accepted to be influenced by a variety of factors, including relative size, number of neurons and neuronal d...

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... overlaying bead size FSC gates (mean FSC ± 1 SD; Figure 2E) on to figure 2F histograms or second, by using the equation from the bead diameter against FSC standard curve ( Figure 2E) to calculate the physical size from the FSC of each particle from figure 2F. The reproducibility of the nuclei sampling technique employed was determined (Figure 3). ...

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... These variations are accompanied by elevated cortical iron levels, coinciding with significant cortical atrophy (Bulk et al., 2018). Intriguingly, neuronal density within the cortex is considerably lower in various brain regions than in other areas, with even lower densities in the frontal and parietal lobes (Atapour et al., 2019;Farrow et al., 2021). Our results here indicated that cell density affects ferroptosis susceptibility via the regulation of iron metabolism, which may account for the selective regional vulnerability in EOAD. ...
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Ferroptosis has been implicated in several neurological disorders and may be therapeutically targeted. However, the susceptibility to ferroptosis varies in different cells, and inconsistent results have been reported even using the same cell line. Understanding the effects of key variables of in vitro studies on ferroptosis susceptibility is of critical importance to facilitate drug discoveries targeting ferroptosis. Here, we showed that increased cell seeding density leads to enhanced resistance to ferroptosis by reducing intracellular iron levels. We further identified iron‐responsive protein 1 (IRP1) as the key protein affected by cell density, which affects the expression of ferroportin or transferrin receptor and results in altered iron levels. Such observations were consistent across different cell lines, indicating that cell density should be tightly controlled in studies of ferroptosis. Since cell densities vary in different brain regions, these results may also shed light on selective regional vulnerability observed in neurological disorders. image
... As the membrane disrupts, Propidium Iodide (PI), a red fluorescent dye, penetrates the cells and binds to the DNA, indicating necrosis. Double staining with Annexin V-FITC and PI enables the estimation of cell populations according to their healthy, early or late apoptotic, and necrotic conditions, allowing the creation of distribution maps (Farrow et al., 2021). Using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, health cells are both Annexin V-FITC and PI negative, while early apoptosis is indicated by Annexin V-FITC positive and PI negative, and late apoptotic/necrotic cells are both Annexin V-FITC and PI positive (Zingales et al., 2020). ...
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... Vacuoles in the brain parenchyma may develop from an accumulation of fluid, neuronal injury leading to cell death, infections associated with neuronal degeneration, or artifacts during tissue processing (Purcell et al., 2018). The number of neurons, neuronal densities, and the sizes of neuronal and non-neuronal cells are key factors that influence brain functions (Farrow et al., 2021). It was observed that at the lowest L-Cit dose, the hypothalamus showed a gradient of condensed neurons of higher numbers with poorly visible nuclei. ...
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The human cerebral cortex is one of the most evolved regions of the brain, responsible for most higher-order neural functions. Since nerve cells (together with synapses) are the processing units underlying cortical physiology and morphology, we studied how the human neocortex is composed regarding the number of cells as a function of sex and age. We used the isotropic fractionator for cell quantification of immunocytochemically labeled nuclei from the cerebral cortex donated by 43 cognitively healthy subjects aged 25-87 years old. In addition to previously reported sexual dimorphism in the medial temporal lobe, we found more neurons in the occipital lobe of men, higher neuronal density in women's frontal lobe, but no sex differences in the number and density of cells in the other lobes and the whole neocortex. On average, the neocortex has ~10.2 billion neurons, 34% in the frontal lobe and the remaining 66% uniformly distributed among the other 3 lobes. Along typical aging, there is a loss of non-neuronal cells in the frontal lobe and the preservation of the number of neurons in the cortex. Our study made possible to determine the different degrees of modulation that sex and age evoke on cortical cellularity.