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Relationship between the residuals from the gs*wv × widening exponent relationship (Fig. 4b) and vein length per leaf area (VLA). Positive residuals represent plants that had faster rates of gs*wv than predicted from the widening exponent. Species codes used in the figures are Andropogon gerardii (Ag), Panicum virgatum (Pv), Sorghastrum nutans (Sn), Schizachyrium scoparium (Ss), Elymus canadensis (Ec) and Bromus inermis (Bi).
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The widening of xylem vessels from tip to base of trees is an adaptation to minimize the hydraulic resistance of a long pathway. Given that parallel veins of monocot leaves do not branch hierarchically, vessels should also widen basipetally but, in addition to minimizing resistance, should also account for water volume lost to transpiration since t...
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Investigating plant responses to climate change is key to develop suitable adaptation strategies. However, whether changes in land management can alleviate increasing drought threats to crops in the future is still unclear.
We conducted a management × drought experiment with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to study plant water and vegetative tr...
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... In this study, we also found that, for the same phyllotaxy, the diameters of the conduits in the petiolule and main vein, as well as the leaf area, were higher in J. mandshurica than those in the other two species. Previous studies have confirmed that the diameter of the conduit is positively related to leaf area [34][35][36], consistent with our observation, i.e., the leaf area of J. manshurica was higher than the other two species (L8 vs. L5-7 in phyllotaxy). Such findings also supported the classical principle that larger leaves would require a larger 'pipe' system to supply a greater transpiration surface [37]. ...
Leaf morphology and anatomy traits are key determinants for plant performance; however, their roles within compound leaves—comprising both leaflets and petioles—remain insufficiently studied. This study examined the anatomy, morphology, and biomass allocation of leaflets and petioles in three temperate species (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Juglans mandshurica Maxim., and Phellodendron amurense Rupr.). The results showed pronounced anatomical variations within the whole leaf. Specifically, as phyllotaxy increased, the number of conduits significantly increased in petioles but showed less variation. Within the same growth position, the number of conduits was highest in the petiole, followed by the petiolule, main vein, and minor veins. In the terminal leaf vascular network, thinner conduits of minor veins may result in a lower hydraulic efficiency but a higher resistance to embolism. Biomass allocation favored leaflets over petioles in all three examined species. Additionally, the specific leaf area slightly increased with an increase in the degree of phyllotaxy. These findings underscore the trade-offs of efficiency and safety in vascular tissues, as well as the expanding leaf and investment between the leaflet and petiole.
Rising global temperatures present a major challenge to summer-season legumes like mungbean, affecting their growth and
productivity. Understanding plant anatomical adaptations under high-temperature stress (HTS) is crucial for developing heatresilient crop varieties. This study aimed to assess the anatomical modifications in three mungbean(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)
genotypes (MH 421, MH 1772, and IPM 312-19) under different sowing conditions. The experiment was conducted in a
randomized block design (RBD) under field conditions, comparing normal-sown (March, <40°C) and late-sown (April, >40°C)
crops. Root and stem transverse sections (T.S.) were analyzed to examine variations in xylem vessel characteristics. Results
revealed a significant increase in xylem vessel size, thickness, and number under late-sown conditions, indicating structural
modifications to cope with heat stress. IPM 312-19 exhibited the highest increase in vessel diameter, with a 32.8% expansion in
root T.S. and 38.90% in stem T.S. compared to normal-sown plants. These anatomical changes suggest improved water
transport efficiency and turgor maintenance under HTS. This study provides novel insights into xylem plasticity in mungbean,
contributing to a better understanding of legume heat adaptation mechanisms. The findings can aid in breeding and selecting
heat-tolerant mungbean genotypes, ensuring sustainable yields under rising temperatures.
The root ducts play an important role in the plant's transport of nutrients from the soil. Based on the selective transport characteristics of plant roots, amino pillar[6]arene bionic porous root sub‐nano channel membrane were constructed to remove Imazamox. Imazamox (IM) is an effective imidazolinone herbicide frequently utilized in soybean fields to control a wide range of annual grasses and broad‐leaved weeds. However, it is important to note that while IM is effective in controlling the growth of weeds, its residues can affect the plants that are later planted. Developing a material that can efficiently and selectively remove IM from the environment poses a significant challenge in the realm of agricultural residue removal. A layer‐upon‐layer covalent assembly was formed through the reaction of amino pillar[6]arene with terephthalaldehyde using an aldehyde‐amine Schiff‐base reaction. The cavity of amino pillar[6]arenal is used to realize the host‐guest interaction of IM. This enabled the development of a membrane with high selectivity for the extraction and removal of IM. The removal rate is 4.66–21.91 times higher than that of other pesticide chemicals. The successful development of the highly selective porous root bionic membrane provides a broad prospect for its application and development in agricultural production.
The functional traits of the bamboo leaves vary among species. However, there is limited research on the acclimatization strategies and survival constraints of sympodial and monopodial bamboos in the tropics based on leaf functional traits. In the present study, we investigated the survival and shoot production of seven sympodial and six monopodial bamboo species introduced to Sanya, Hainan, China 18 months post-transplantation. We measured and analyzed 29 leaf functional traits between August 2022 and April 2023. We discovered that the acclimatization ability of sympodial bamboos was better than that of monopodial bamboos. Among the 29 leaf functional traits, 16 indices were significantly higher (p < 0.05) and three were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in sympodial bamboos than that in monopodial bamboos. A key factor limiting the survival rate of monopodial bamboos may have been the photosynthetic capacity of leaves on old culms. Sympodial bamboos promote photosynthesis by increasing leaf gas exchange, light response curve fitting parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf morphology, and tend to allocate organic matter for rapid growth in a “high-yield, high-consumption” mode. Monopodial bamboos survive in a “low-yield, low-consumption” mode by decreasing the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves, conserving the consumption of organic matter, increasing the density of the leaf tissues and the dry matter content, and increasing resistance through the allocation of organic matter to storage tissues. Organic matter allocation in old culms leaves improved resistance, whereas in young culms, it supported rapid growth. The overall linkage among traits in monopodial bamboos was higher than that in sympodial bamboos. This study provides data that support the introduction of sympodial and monopodial bamboos in tropical regions.
Members of the grass family Poaceae have adapted to a wide range of habitats and disturbance regimes globally. The cellular structure and arrangements of leaves can help explain how plants survive in different climates, but these traits are rarely measured in grasses. Most studies are focused on individual species or distantly related species within Poaceae. While this focus can reveal broad adaptations, it is also likely to overlook subtle adaptations within more closely-related groups (subfamilies, tribes). This study therefore investigated the scaling relationships between leaf size, Vein Length Area (VLA), and vessel size in five genera within the subfamily Pooideae. The scaling exponent of the relationship between leaf area and VLA was -0.46 (+/- 0.21), which is consistent with previous studies. In Poa and Elymus, however, minor vein number and leaf length were uncorrelated, whereas in Festuca these traits were positively correlated (slope = 0.82 +/- 0.8). These findings suggest there are broad-scale and fine-scale variation in leaf hydraulic traits among grasses. Future studies should consider both narrow and broad phylogenetic gradients.
