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Relationship between the Connectivity Index and the Sustainability Index and its constituents: Social, Environmental and Economic/Financial. (Dotted lines represent the median and 25 th and 75 th percentiles. Red dots refer to Asian countries, blue dots to European countries.)
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Asia and Europe have made connectivity between people, businesses and institutions a top political priority in the frame of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) intergovernmental cooperation forum. In the ASEM context, policy leaders agreed that improving connectivity between countries should contribute to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Conne...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... higher levels of connectivity are associated with higher levels of sustainability (r = 0.57, 99.9% sig.) -see Figure 5. However, there are several exceptions. ...
Context 2
... respect to economic/financial sustainability, while better connected countries have greater research and development (R&D) expenditure and lower rates of young people not in education or unemployed, they also typically have higher rates of private debt and a lower rate of GDP per capita growth. From a regional perspective, European countries tend to occupy the upper right quadrant of Figure 5 (main plot), with higher connectivity and sustainability scores, while most Asian countries appear in the lower left quadrant, with lower connectivity and sustainability scores. The exception is Singapore. ...
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... Since anthropomorphism can affect buying behavior and it becomes possible for consumers to enter into a relationship with an anthropomorphized product (Guido & Peluso, 2015; H. C. Kim & Kramer, 2015;Lim et al., 2021), it has diverse applications ranging from engaging consumers (precisely speaking tourists, back papers, travelers) and stand out their brand from others (Becker et al., 2021;Murphy et al., 2019). It was also positively correlated with providing outstanding customer experiences (P. ...
... It was also positively correlated with providing outstanding customer experiences (P. Aggarwal & McGill, 2012;Atwal & Williams, 2009;Becker et al., 2021). Anthropomorphism has become even more critical for virtual tourism, and using anthropomorphic creations leads to better advertising and marketing of the destinations online (Kwak et al., 2020;Puzakova & Kwak, 2023). ...
... Between 2010 and 2023, the AHT's output and influence increased dramatically, indicating an exponential rise in the number and quality of the AHT's research contributions (Becker et al., 2021;Kwak et al., 2020;Puzakova & Kwak, 2023). This steady increase in productivity and influence indicators is often seen as a sign of AHT's growing readership, acceptability, and influence in the academic community. ...
The employment of anthropomorphism in promotion has witnessed a notable surge in recent times, surpassing prevous levels in the hospitality and tourism sectors. This research examines the development of anthropomorphism in hospitality and tourism over the past 13 years between 2010 and 2023, showcasing recent research themes, methods, national, international, interdisciplinary, or multidisciplinary alliances, and prominent anthropomorphism researchers and institutes in the hospitality and tourism field. One hundred and twentyfive research papers were published for hospitality and tourism in anthropomorphism. The research reveals that this topic is exponentially growing. This is the first study to provide a bibliometric analysis followed by content analysis of anthropomorphism research in the hospitality and tourism research niche, with theoretical and practical contributions. The findings of cluster analysis reveal several futuristic themes, such as machine learning, robotics, etc., which marketers can focus on for building resilient strategies in the long run. The last section of the paper discusses the conclusion and future research avenues.
... The data of this research consists of key documents that establish the EU's connectivity policies as well as the communications that explain the policies to domestic and external audiences. In this study, most of the public EU documents and communications on the Global Gateway and some earlier, relevant communications on EU connectivity policies were analysed, totalling up to approximately one hundred pages of material, 8 with which a saturation point was reached in the final analysis phase. 9 While most of the data originate from approximately 1 year's time starting from July 2021, the results should be read as representing only a short period of time in 8 All data used does not indicate page numbers, whereby the number is an estimate. ...
... In this study, most of the public EU documents and communications on the Global Gateway and some earlier, relevant communications on EU connectivity policies were analysed, totalling up to approximately one hundred pages of material, 8 with which a saturation point was reached in the final analysis phase. 9 While most of the data originate from approximately 1 year's time starting from July 2021, the results should be read as representing only a short period of time in 8 All data used does not indicate page numbers, whereby the number is an estimate. Specifically, the data consists of the Joint Communication on the Global Gateway by the European Commission (1.12.2021 ...
... This is not, however, encouraged in the communications by the EU: almost none of the official communications include reflection on whether and to what extent partners are expected to agree on EUGG principles and values, or how the EU will address situations where visions differ. 24 It must be noted, however, that the "Europeanness" of many of the EUGG norms and values can be questioned, with green transition, for example, being a necessity (and hence, presumably an objective) in the partner states with or without a European push or conditionality [8]. "Transparency" as an objective constitutes another case as a seemingly universal concept that is however utilized to compete with the BRI investments. 25 From the perspective of the logic of cooperation, it is not even so much the potential incompatibility problem as it is the lack of reflection of universality and the lack of plans for local control over norms that minimizes the role of receiving partners to either refusing or accepting the connectivity cooperation. ...
Data cables, ports, and mobility are a rising theme in geopolitical competition, and the European Union (EU) also aims to develop a cutting-edge product for the fund-deficit connectivity market. Incapable of competing with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the quantity of investments, the EU’s 1-year-old connectivity initiative Global Gateway aims to challenge it with quality, providing more democratic, secure, equal, green, transparent, and sustainable alternatives to lower-income partners. While the BRI has been accused of creating debt traps in the same context, this article analyzes whether there is a risk of the EU’s norm-diffusing policy also having an undermining effect on partners’ agency. Based on a systematic analysis of EU policy documents and strategic communications, the article identifies three categories for the EU’s norms promotion: firstly, the support for regionalism, secondly, the prescribing of standards of connections, and thirdly, the defining of values to be applied in connectivity projects. The article argues that the EU communications reserve a limited role for the partners to participate in or to have control over the processes where values, norms, and standards of connectivity are created. The approach, unlikely to serve the EU’s declared goal of equal partnerships, is rather found to respond to the competitive international context.
... To improve the connection for all locations throughout the world, it is essential to design and agree on a power network masterplan for the region's grid connectivity. The grid master plan should be created by the inclusion principle, considering stakeholders' concerns and demands [108]. Intergovernmental agreements: Multinational experiences of successful power pools exemplify the need for contracts among member nations to demonstrate each country's political commitment to fostering energy cooperation and integration within a defined time frame. ...
The concerns about climate change mitigation, decarbonization in critical sectors, and environmental pollution reduction have instigated a global surge in the use of renewables. As distributed energy resources (DER) proliferate, the existing power grid may be transformed into a carbon-free power system, ensuring that everyone has access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy. However, there are some practical impediments and challenges in the transition of the global energy system. Hence, the present study aims to examine the benefits, technological advancements, problems, and solutions for establishing a global sustainable green grid. This study also provides a comprehensive literature review of strategic research direction relating to energy transition in various sectors; identification of major issues and challenges in renewable power network; investment requirements in clean electricity generation; operational challenges of 100% renewable integration into the power grids; and power pool interconnection issues for building a renewable energy system on a global scale. Through reviewing several emerging low-carbon technologies, this article offers insights into the feasibility and sustainability assessment of transnational clean electricity networks for supplying power throughout the world. The findings of this study highlight the potential of adopting variable renewable energy (VRE) systems in the development of a global eco-friendly grid. It also confirms that solar PV systems on a global scale of 8519 gigawatts would reduce 4.9 Gt of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fulfill 25% of global electricity demand by 2050. The review affirms that intercontinental solar power infrastructure can ensure solar power supply to solar power deficient countries, allowing the world to move toward a sustainable and clean energy future. Finally, this work suggests future research opportunities for the global clean energy system.
... Switzerland's position, in turn, is a result of its high position in terms of both indicators mentioned above. It is also indicated that Switzerland should be considered as the country with the highest eco-innovation capacity among ASEM Member States (Becker et al., 2021). In the case of Asian countries, the leading position of Australia can be observed, even though it ranks relatively low in terms of both the potential to improve the country's competitiveness and the general innovation capacity. ...
The development of eco-innovation is driven by globalisation processes, technological progress and climate change. It is also directly related to the pursuit of sustainable development, as well as to the reduction of negative impacts on the environment and the efficient use of natural resources. Monitoring progress towards sustainable development requires the systematic measurement of eco-innovation. An important theoretical and practical challenge is to develop methods and indicators to measure eco-innovation. Currently, there are different systems for measuring eco-innovation, which makes international comparative analysis difficult. The purpose of this article is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of measuring eco-innovation in selected European and Asian countries. The study uses a critical literature review as well as a comparative analysis and synthesis method based on the ASEM Eco-Innovation Index. The study provides evidence that there are a number of differences in eco-innovation between European and Asian countries. Measuring eco-innovation is particularly important in planning and implementing instruments to stimulate environmental innovation across countries.
... This will address the sustainability of the open border system to be in place after the COVID-19 crisis (Ikotun et al., 2021). In this context, the Sustainable Development Goals will be achieved by improving trade openness and business connectivity between countries, which in turn reduce poverty (See, Becker et al., 2021). ...
This study examines the contribution of trade openness to health outcomes (measured in terms of under-five
mortality and life expectancy) in 33 sub-Saharan African countries using a two-step system Generalized Methods
of Moments (GMM) estimator over the year 2000–2016, while controlling for endogeneity of variables (i.e. omitted
variables bias and reverse causality). The findings show that, trade openness and measles vaccination reduces
under-five mortality in the region. The findings reveal that, trade openness, income (GDP per capita), and health
financing (total public and private health expenditure) all contribute to a longer life expectancy. Overall, it was
found that trade openness is statistically significant and contributes to health improvement (i.e. under-five mortality
and life expectancy). This implies that the health sector in sub-Saharan African countries is not at risk as a
result of increased trade. However, the study recommends easing and increasing trade to allow governments to
obtain more financial resources to improve the welfare of their people, to include health professionals in future
trade negotiations and agreements for public health benefits, and take steps to remove import duties on health
related products. These findings have significant implications for sub-Saharan Africa, as well as other developing
countries.
... It is believed that sustainable development goals can be achieved by improving connectivity between countries (Profiroiu et al., 2020). In the context of globalization, its multiple dimensions must not negatively influence the environment, so that the benefits can be accumulated in support of society (Becker et al., 2021). Further progress can be manifested by increasing the degree of integration of strategic resources (D'Oria et al., 2021). ...
Research background: The influence exerted by globalization manifests predominantly in field of employment. The challenges generated by this process are amplified by technological developments. Facilities of movement and establishment in various regions, and the new opportunities for conducting professional activities, have led to increased mobility of employment. Globalization has led to a growing interest of businesses to operate outside their own country.
Purpose of the article: In the current context, the purpose of the article is to analyze whether in the field of employment there is a tendency to increase the share of persons employed in enterprises controlled from outside the EU in total EU employment.
Methods: The article presents the comparative situation of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from outside the EU. The article also presents an analysis of the number of persons employed for enterprises controlled from inside the European Union.
Findings & Value added : Following the analysis, there is an increase in employment in enterprises controlled from inside the EU in total EU employment. Also, depending on the economic activity, there is a higher distribution for the following economic activities: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Information and communication, Transportation and storage. Regarding the comparative situation of the number of employed persons for enterprises controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, a number of over 5 million employed persons was registered in 6 countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Netherlands). Regarding the situation of the foreign control of enterprises by economic activity, controlled by all countries of the world for total business economy, except financial and insurance activities, at the level of the European Union the economic activities in which more than 10 million people are employed are: Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, Administrative and support service activities, Construction, Professional, scientific and technical activities, Accommodation and food service activities and Transportation and storage.
Mission-oriented innovation and smart specialisation are internationally familiar concepts. They hold the potential to add more profundity to the EU thinking and modelling of its connectivity approach towards Asia and the world in general. The existing policy, governance frameworks and implementation instruments of smart spe-cialisation and innovation could provide connectivity with evidence-informed lessons learnt and research findings from various parts of the world. Both frameworks for innovation and research could steer the EU connectivity approach away from contro-versies tied to the weaponised interdependence and strategic autonomy, including the bundle of concepts that come along with this vulnerabilities-oriented intellectual cu-rrent. Research-intensity and mutual learning are elements that the mission-oriented innovation and smart specialisation could bring to the overall spectrum of thematic dimensions and implementation measures of the EU approach towards sustainably and trustfully connecting to Asia and other parts of the world.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is essential for the global economy, especially for developing and emerging countries, which are dependent on these financial resources. Governments compete to attract foreign investors by offering tax incentives, strong regulatory frameworks and flexible environmental regulations. While some countries relax environmental regulations to attract FDI, others implement stricter measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the environment. The aim of this article is to present a thorough and up-to-date review of the literature that has focused on the analysis of the correlation between FDI and environmental regulations. The bibliometric analysis focuses on the main concepts that elucidate the relationship between environmental regulations and SDI, highlighting current trends and theories. This research is crucial for understanding the influence of environmental regulation on FDI and its effects on economic development and environmental conservation worldwide. According to the literature, the pollution haven theory has received substantial support, indicating that nations with permissive regulations attract more foreign direct investment due to lower business costs. The literature indicates strong support for the pollution haven theory, suggesting that countries with relaxed regulations attract more FDI due to lower business costs. The results of this study could help inform the development of environmental policies and strategies to attract foreign investment and address climate change and environmental degradation. At the same time, this research provides valuable information for researchers as it highlights the main research niches that need to be addressed and analysed.
The European Union’s Global Gateway, adopted in December 2021, marks the continuation of efforts by numerous international actors to limit China’s increasing influence in global infrastructure diplomacy. This FIIA Working Paper analyzes the role of the EU’s connectivity agenda in this crowded market and positions the Global Gateway in the context of EU external relations. Based on a conceptual and policy analysis, and a review of analyst debate and cross-cutting literature, the paper makes three key observations.
Firstly, the EU institutions, sometimes siloed, as well as the member states, divided in their China politics, have managed to agree on a comprehensive policy programme which – on paper – connects existing economic tools to a foreign policy vision of the Union. Secondly, successful delivery of the high-politics yet hands-on programme will, however, require connecting diplomatic and technical expertise, and public and private financing. Thirdly, the normative agenda embedded in the Gateway builds on a conventional role for the EU as a global actor, but can be expected to face challenges with its simultaneous goal of achieving a comprehensive reach.
An overview of the "COINr" R package, which is for building and analysing composite indicators.
