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Community Based Management (CBM) has been envisaged as a panacea to sustainability challenges faced in the Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) sector globally. In spite of this approach having success stories, studies have shown that failures are also being recorded. This study investigated the sustainability of rural water supply facilities under...
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... investigations showed that among the facilities which were above 6 years, 58% of them reported multiple breakdowns. Figure 3 shows a relationship between age and breakdown frequency. Through regression analysis there is a weak positive linear relationship between age and breakdown frequency (R 2 ¼0.11). ...
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Citations
... In the programme component, we analyzed the 2010 national rural water supply programme (PRONASAR). This programme was chosen on the one hand because it is one of the largest programmes to respond to the challenges of access to water in rural areas of the country in terms of technical capacity to guarantee maintenance, weak management capacity of water sources by the management committee [14], management models [31]; [16], and on the other hand because of its relevance in increasing national coverage levels as the main WASH sector donor"s support the Mozambique government through this programme. ...
The access to water services is deficient in Mozambique, with only a little more than half of the population having access to this service. Investments have been made on the one hand in terms of construction and rehabilitation of new water sources and supply systems, and on the other hand in terms of elaboration of a legal and institutional framework that "favors" greater dynamism in the sector. In this paper, we seek to analyze the framework of policies and strategies institutionally designed to ensure sustainable access to water services in Mozambique. That is, to analyze the process of implementation of water policies in Mozambique, seeking to understand the relationship between theory and practice. This paper is part of a qualitative study based on phenomenological principles. Field work was carried out in Gaza province, Mozambique, alongside document analysis of the main policies and strategies of the water sector in Mozambique, and interviews with key informants in the sector. The study revealed that in theory, the availability of a legal framework and the existence of institutions at various levels may indicate that the foundations for sustainable access to water services are in place. However, the challenge lies in its operationalization. District governments have a weak grasp of the legal framework, and insufficient technical and financial capacities for its operationalization.
... These results also revealed the community may dampen individual discretionary cooperative behaviour through the exclusion of others from management structures. Previous studies demonstrated that water committees were conduits of mandatory cooperation by regulating the withdrawal of water from various sources (Dhoba, 2020), proscribing the use with heavy ox-drawn carts (Kativhu et al., 2022), and enforcing water point regulations (Kativhu et al., 2021). In Uganda, only 25% of community management structures are operational at water points, signifying a challenge to the implementation of the group engagement model (Huston et al., 2021). ...
... Therefore, the strength of institutional capacity in promoting inclusive and transparent governance is needed for both stakeholders and communities in water management practices and decision-making so as to realize equity and sustainability as a form of fulfilling the fundamental right to the human right to the availability of clean water for all [16], [17]. Beyond the technical capabilities and governance and administrative frameworks of responsible institutions [18], [19], [20], [21], there are many types of water system management including community-based management and privatization that aim to create better outcomes [22], [23], [24]. This is in line with Presidential Regulation No. 59/2017 on the government's commitment to realize sustainable development or SDGs. ...
In most developing countries, the equal access to clean and potable water is a major challenge faced by many communities. This research aims to evaluate water supply system governance policies as well as potential springs, constraints and problems related to the water needs of border communities. This research is a descriptive study using a qualitative approach. The qualitative approach looks at policies, institutions, conflicts, and problems faced, as well as looking at data on water sources, socio-economic challenges, culture, and local wisdom. The research location was in Belu Regency, on the Indonesia-Leste Timor border. Research informants were representatives of local government, academics and the community. The problems faced are the underdevelopment of piped networks due to budget constraints, low capacity and quality of human resources, and the absence of specific regulations governing the Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM). The study area has springs spread across 11 subdistricts, with raw water potential ranging from 0.5 to 250 liters per second. Most of these water sources are good for community consumption, but some have not been optimally utilized so that they cannot be fully utilized to meet the needs of the population. The results show that SPAM management policies can be implemented to a certain extent, but have not yet run optimally because they still require capacity building and competence of the apparatus and local communities and an increase in the role of local governments to help implement central government policies in relation to assistance tasks and as a tool for deconcentration of the central government. In conclusion, the potential of raw water sources has not been fully utilized due to the challenges of infrastructure development and the limited capacity of human resources and budgets. Without good management and institutional support, communities will continue to face problems related to access to clean water.
... In other developing nations, such as Africa, a study on communitybased water service is different where water shortages are the main issue due to drought. However, the sustainability of such service is also a serious concern as suggested by Kativhu et al. (2021) in Zimbabwe, Africa. This model is unique in several aspects (1) this facility is developed and organised by CBO of communities residing near the forest, (2) the service charge for water is set by the community through community meetings, and (3) it also involves community forest in maintaining water resource up in the forest. ...
... Sustainable water projects are those with the ability to achieve performance requirements in the long run (Kativhu, Madzivanyika, Nunu, Macherera & Chinyama, 2022). Such projects are characterized by some attributes as being committed to attaining service expectations and a continued flow of benefits for a very long time (Kamau & Mungai, 2019). ...
... Although inherently a dynamic concept, a relatively small number of studies have attempted to capture BH functionality over time, primarily through retrospective key informant interviews [8,9,[11][12][13]. Qualitative information on historical functionality was used in conjunction with a single observed functionality measure. ...
... We note that we intentionally excluded some important predictors that were significant in other studies: namely, the availability of and distance to BH mechanics and spare parts and presence of a water committee [13,20]. Distance to BH mechanics and spare parts was excluded because all towns were located relatively close (< 25 km) to district capitals that had these resources, exhibiting no variability in the dataset. ...
Objective
In sub-Saharan Africa, 45% of the rural population uses boreholes (BHs). Despite recent gains in improved water access and coverage, parallel use of unimproved sources persists. Periodic infrastructure disrepair contributes to non-exclusive use of BHs. Our study describes functionality of BHs in 2014, 2015, and 2016 in 15 rural towns in the Eastern Region of Ghana sourced from three groundwater quality clusters (high iron, high salinity, and control). We also assess factors affecting cross-sectional and longitudinal functionality using logistic regression.
Results
BH functionality rates ranged between 81 and 87% and were similar across groundwater quality clusters. Of 51 BHs assessed in all three years, 34 (67%) were consistently functional and only 3 (6%) were consistently broken. There was a shift toward proactive payment for water over the course of the study in the control and high-salinity clusters. Payment mechanism, population served, presence of nearby alternative water sources, and groundwater quality cluster were not significant predictors of cross-sectional or longitudinal BH functionality. However, even in the high iron cluster, where water quality is poor and no structured payment mechanism for water exists, BHs are maintained, showing that they are important community resources.
... Multivariate regression approaches were used by Marks and Davis (2012) to estimate sense of ownership toward the freshwater infrastructure as a factor of household engagement in design and installation, as well as system and service features, and household social and economic variables. To better understand the sustainability issues in the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector, Kativhu et al. (2022) used a chi-squared test to see if there were any substantial connections among borehole upkeep and the expected series of breakdowns published by survey participants annually. A correlation is also demonstrated between the age of the water infrastructure and the time it takes to complete a 20-liter container. ...
Lack of accessibility and affordability to safe and affordable drinking water remains a major challenge in fulfilling sustainable development goals. Community-based water management emerged as a policy response to address the issues. However, the impact of producing community-based water supply institutions on the community is hardly noticed in this context. This paper tries to fill the gap through the relational understanding between the provision of safe water and communities’ socioeconomic upliftment, which remains the main reason behind the establishment of the potable water facility in Porapara village located in West Midnapur district of the state of West Bengal, India. The study findings revealed that community participation through the process of empowerment results in good governance of the potable water project and the socioeconomic well-being of the community in Porapara village. This kind of intervention study may help policymakers in evaluating the societal impact to achieve socioeconomic well-being.
... In detail, drainage ability enhancement and combined sewer system upgrade are both feasible measures. For drainage ability, most drainage systems in urban areas, especially those aged drainage systems in the central area of metropolises, do not have enough capacity to handle the heavy surface runoff (Kativhu et al., 2022). Taking China as an example, the latest vision of The Outdoor Drainage Design Criterion (GB50014-2021) requires the recurrence period of torrential rain in the urban drainage pipes is 5-10 years for the crucial regions in big cities (i.e., cities with more than 1 million people). ...
Understanding the relationship between precipitation and SARS-CoV-2 is significant for combating COVID-19 in the wet season. However, the causes for the variation of SARS-CoV-2 transmission intensity after precipitation is unclear. Starting from “the Zhengzhou event,” we found that the virus-laden standing water formed after precipitation might trigger some additional routes for SARS-CoV-2 transmission and thus change the transmission intensity of SARS-CoV-2. Then, we developed an interdisciplinary framework to examine whether the health risk related to the virus-laden standing water needs to be a concern. The framework enables the comparison of the instant and lag effects of precipitation on the transmission intensity of SARS-CoV-2 between city clusters with different formation risks of the virus-laden standing water. Based on the city-level data of China between January 01, 2020, and December 31, 2021, we conducted an empirical study. The result showed that in the cities with a high formation risk of the virus-laden standing water, heavy rain increased the instant transmission intensity of SARS-CoV-2 by 6.2% (95%CI: 4.85–10.2%), while in the other cities, precipitation was uninfluential to SARS-CoV-2 transmission, revealing that the health risk of the virus-laden standing water should not be underestimated during the COVID-19 pandemic. To reduce the relevant risk, virus-laden water control and proper disinfection are feasible response strategies.
... Beyond the issue of membership, roles and responsibilities, the NAC ought to be accorded legal rights through an act of parliament for it to attract necessary authority and command to coordinate the sector. This according to Kativhu et al. (2021) is in line with the recommendations of the International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade which dictated the need to make sure that beyond the formation of National Action Committees for WASH, parties go ahead and regularize this institution through linking it to an act of parliament. Zimbabwe had such an opportunity in 2013 when it developed its National Water Policy. ...
This paper sought to review the structural and operational modalities for Zimbabwe's water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector coordination architecture with an objective to identify gaps and recommend areas for further strengthening. Data were collected using a mixed-method approach involving a questionnaire survey, focus group discussions, key-informant interviews and literature review. The study established that the institution of the National Action Committee (NAC) remains incapacitated to effectively deliver on its mandate. Its various committees are failing to convene meetings on regular basis, hence issues take longer to resolve. Decision-making and role clarity among members still remain indistinct, triggering undesirable conflicts. The legitimacy of the institution of the NAC also remains highly questionable, lacking legal bases to back its operations. In terms of information management, structures and systems are in place, only requiring support to make sure they thrive. Finally, financing including intersectoral coordination remains very weak and would need to be built-on, considering the potential of the coordination mechanism to enhance service delivery. A key recommendation emerging from this study is the urgent need for government to commission a review of the current multi-stakeholder platform in the best interest of aligning the coordination structure to the 2013 national constitution and national water policy. HIGHLIGHTS
On paper, Zimbabwe has an impressive WASH sector governance arrangement.;
The institution of the National Action Committee on WASH remains weak in its operations.;
WASH service delivery in Zimbabwe continues to regress.;
Systems strengthening for sustainable WASH service delivery urgently required to reverse current negative trend.;
... Indeed, with improved attitudes of the community, they are likely to see themselves as being responsible for ensuring the safety of the water they use hence put in place appropriate measures that will ultimately contribute to the realization of the sustainable development goal 2030 (6.2) that is by Fig. 2 Map of Uganda showing Kibuku district and location of water sources studied 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations. This finding community attitude is in agreement with a study conducted in Zimbabwe that showed that water user committees play a significant role in sustaining the functionality of water sources in rural areas (Kativhu et al. 2022). Further studies conducted in Malaysia were in agreement with our findings and reported the need to improve community participation in water management as a sustainable model for water quality (Ahmed et al. 2020). ...
Globally, billions of people still lack access to safe water, including basic drinking water services, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. We analyzed water quality for improved water sources and associated factors in Kibuku district, Eastern Uganda. The mixed-methods study employed included; water quality analysis, a questionnaire survey, and key informant interviews conducted in the months of April–June 2020. A total of 249 improved water sources were sampled for analysis of bacteriological quality, pH, and electrical conductivity. This was followed by a sanitary and people’s attitudes survey at all the water sources visited. Among the water sources, 62.3% deep boreholes, 63.5% public tap stands, 14.3% rain-water harvesting tanks, and 28.6% protected springs had zero thermotolerant coliforms with 63.8% having acceptable pH levels (6.5–8.5) and 35.3% having acidic levels (less than 6.4). Furthermore, 96.3% deep boreholes, 99.1% public tap stands, all (100%) rain-water harvesting tanks, and 50% protected springs had their turbidity levels in the acceptable range (less than 5NTUs). Additionally, only 22.1% of improved water sources had electrical conductivity in the acceptable range (less than 300 microSiemens). Among the 249 participants, majority (91.2%) had low knowledge levels about various methods that can be used in improving the quality of water. Generally, water sources had poor quality of water which was attributed to agricultural activities, dirty water collection containers, and poor attitude to water chlorination. The Ministry of Health, Ministry of Water and Environment, and other agencies need to design sustainable and feasible models for water treatment for low resourced setting.
