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Oil shale exploitation combined with producing huge amount of ash. In this paper oil shale ash is used as admixture of cement. The effect of partial replacement of cement by oil shale ash on the compressive strength, setting time and soundness of cement paste has been studied. Replacement of mortar cement by oil shale ash with ratios of 10, 20, and...
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Context 1
... estimated volume of water required to produce pastes of normal consistency for binders containing OSA ratios of 10, 20, and 30% increases by 5, 15, and 16.5 ml respectively compared with binders containing 0% OSA (Table 5). This situation is related to rough and pore composition of ash particles and their blain fineness. ...
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Background
Concrete is a widely utilized material in construction worldwide. However, concrete performance could be damaged under aggressive environments, therefore, many concrete structures may require repair and frequent maintenance.
Objective
The aim of this study is to develop reinforced Self-Consolidating Repair Mortars (SCRMs) incorporating...
The combined addition of a Shrinkage-Reducing Admixture (SRA) with a CaO-based expansive agent (CaO) has been found to have a synergistic effect to improve the dimensional stability of cement based materials. In this work, aimed to further investigate the effect, mortar and self-compacting concrete specimens were prepared either without admixtures,...
Emission of carbon dioxide during the production of cement has turned the attention of many researchers to find its solution. In addition, waste materials have become major concern in terms of disposal and their impact on environment. The utilization of pozzolanic waste materials in concrete has been investigated by many researchers and has shown p...
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To reduce the environmental pollution from cement production and the damage to natural resources from aggregate mining in the concrete industry, a relatively new concrete, termed geopolymer recycled lump concrete (GRLC), which uses geopolymer as the binding material to replace traditional cement and uses large demolished concrete lumps (DCLs) to pa...
Citations
... The annual amount of OSA formed in the combustion process in Estonia alone is estimated to be about 5-7 Mt, and the majority of it is deposited in stockpiles in the vicinity of power plants [18]. While OSA is a considerably different material than FA, its potential for use in construction materials [19] and, in particular, in concrete [20][21][22] has already been demonstrated, and Estonian standard EVS 927 [23] for specification, performance, and conformity of OSA for building materials was published in 2018. ...
Concrete is an essential construction material, and infrastructures, such as bridges, tunnels, and power plants, consume large quantities of it. Future infrastructure demands and sustainability issues necessitate the adoption of non-conventional supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). At the same time, global labor shortages are compelling the conservative construction sector to implement autonomous and digital fabrication methods, such as 3D printing. This paper thus investigates the feasibility of using oil shale ash (OSA) as an SCM in concrete suitable for 3D printing, and collision milling is examined as a possible ash pretreatment. OSA from four different sources was collected and analyzed for its physical, chemical, and mineralogical composition. Concrete formulations containing ash were tested for mechanical performance, and the two best-performing formulations were assessed for printability. It was found that ash extracted from flue gases by the novel integrated desulfurizer has the greatest potential as an SCM due to globular particles that contain β-calcium silicate. The 56-day compression strength of concrete containing this type of ash is ~60 MPa, the same as in the reference composition. Overall, collision milling is effective in reducing the size of particles larger than 10 μm but does not seem beneficial for ash extracted from flue gasses. However, milling bottom ash may unlock its potential as an SCM, with the optimal milling frequency being ~100 Hz.
... These are the recognized factors that can adversely impact the mechanical properties of cementitious materials. Existing literature suggests that raw industrial byproducts may contain unreactive phases and impurities, limiting their positive influence on strength development during the hydration process [42,43]. ...
This study investigates how carbon dioxide (CO2) curing interacts with raw and calcined fly oil shale ash (FOSA) in ordinary Portland cement paste and mortar (OPC), providing information on previously overlooked synergistic effects of CO2 curing and FOSA calcination. Specimens exposed to CO2 curing followed by water curing were compared to those continuously cured in water. The results reveal that samples containing calcined FOSA as a binder increased compressive strength by up to 200% during the curing stages compared to water-cured samples. Microstructural investigations show that calcium carbonate crystals and other hydration products form, which enhance material properties. The substitution of cement with FOSA results in a reduction in porosity regardless of the curing technique used; however, this issue is efficiently managed by CO2 curing. Higher pH values can be measured from raw FOSA samples, and higher calcination temperatures can result in slightly higher pH values, making the phenolphthalein indicator approach less accurate in detecting carbonation. The application of raw and calcined FOSA as a cement substitute gives long-term benefits while also contributing to environmental awareness in the construction sector.
... On the other hand, more than 95% of the consumed energy in Jordan is being imported from outside the country [3][4][5][6]. The DSS is a heterogeneous biomass characterized by high organic matter content, these biosolids could be a source of clean bioenergy and biofertilizers if they converted thermochemically namely via pyrolysis [7][8][9]. ...
This research aims to look into a sustainable technique for the treatment, reuse and disposal of domestic sewage sludge (DSS). The purpose of the study was to examine the operating factors that influence the calorific value of the produced biochar from the pyrolysis of DSS. Based on the analysis of the full factorial design, the impacts of the pyrolysis conditions, specifically: temperature, heating rate, and isothermal time on the calorific value of biochar were evaluated. When the pyrolysis temperature was raised from 300 to 500 o C, the calorific value of biochar was decreased by 34%. A 14% decrease in the calorific content of the biochar was also noticed when the heating rate was increased from 5 to 35 o C/min. When the isothermal time was increased from 45 to 120 minutes, the calorific value of the biochar remained essentially unchanged. No interaction effects among process variables were found using the factorial design methodology. A first-order regression model was developed to predict the calorific value of biochar using the magnitude of the effects of the process factors and their interactions. The model predictions agreed very well with the obtained experimental results.
... Moreover, some researchers investigated the potential of utilising oil shale ash (OSA) in construction by producing modified cementitious and bituminous materials and stabilising the soil [5,6,[9][10][11][12]. The presence of silica, alumina and lime in the chemical composition of OS and its by-products made them a feasible option to replace cement in concrete mixtures [5]. ...
This study set out to examine the unconventional use of raw oil shale (OS) as fine aggregate in concrete instead of its traditional utilisation as a pollutant energy source aiming to hinder the depletion of natural resources. Oil shale particles have been used to replace sand in concrete with 30 wt.-% and 50 wt.-% ratios. Part of the used OS particles was treated with silane prior to their addition in concrete. The fresh, mechanical, and durability properties, along with the micro-properties and surface chemistry of mixtures, were analysed by running the slump, compressive strength, permeability, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests, respectively. Five concrete mixtures consisting of 30 samples with the size of 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm were prepared to serve the testing programme of the study. The results revealed the formation of a well-bonded interfacial transition zone between untreated OS particles and the cementitious matrix due to the presence of pozzolanic materials in OS. However, micro cracks and enlarged capillary pores were witnessed in treated OS mixtures along with a weak interfacial transition zone between the treated OS and the cementitious matrix. Moreover, the use of 30 wt.-% untreated OS reduced the water absorption of concrete by 9% (absorption rate of 9.5%), while other mixtures experienced an increase in their water absorption with a maximum increase of 42% when using 50 wt.-% treated OS (absorption rate of 10.7%). All mixtures attained a reduction in their compressive strength compared to control sample when employing treated and untreated OS in concrete, with a minimum reduction of 13% when using 30 wt.-% untreated OS (compressive strength of 26 MPa). The strength reduction in untreated OS mixtures is due to the formation of free CaO and free SiO 2 , which promote concrete expansion. The interference between silane and kerogen in OS was the main reason behind the strength reduction in treated OS mixtures. However, this reduction in mixtures' strength is considered minimal, allowing for their potential use in different construction applications like rigid pavement.
... Mobilization of national energy resources becomes an important task for many countries for economic development and social progress. Al-Hamaiedh [2] said that in Jordan high oil consumption and reduction of crude oil reserves are expected to increase the energy crisis, therefore the search for alternative energy exploration becomes so important. The cost of imported energy is a burden to the national economy and there are still some countries experiencing similar problems. ...
In the context of new energy exploration, oil shale is currently a source of energy that is being developed so that it can be used as an alternative energy in the future. Based on this background, it is important to research the conversion method of oil shale to liquid hydrocarbons. The method used is using clay (kaolinite) catalyst and iron (Fe)-pillared clay (kaolinite) catalyst. Clay catalyst products are capable of making organic mature faster and even requiring a lower temperature for the changes (through thermal cracking of non-volatile organic material). The addition of Fe metal in the clay catalyst product to oil shale, causing the surface area of the natural clays were significantly increased, then the volume of micro pore were also increased, it causes the organic material to mature faster and the temperature required for the change is less than the shale material without Fe. The catalyst method by the pillarization technique able to increase the surface area and pore volume, thus accelerating the reaction and changing the reaction rate to be greater. It is observed that clay catalyst products can serve as catalysts for accelerating organic maturation reactions. if compared between the clay material of OD1-Ast1 (50% clay-50% organic), OD1-Ast2 (33% clay-67% organic), and the OD1-Ast3 shale material (67% clay - 33% organic),then OD1-Ast3 has a faster reaction rate. Comparison of clay material is smaller than organic, then the properties of the catalyst product to accelerate the reaction are reduced, such as the OD1-Ast2 shale material has a slow reaction rate compared to the OD1-Ast3 shale material. The addition of Fe metal in the clay catalyst product to the OD1-Ast2 shale material, resulting in OD1-Ast2-Fe shale material (75% OD1-Ast2 and 25% Fe) having a faster reaction rate than before the addition of Fe metal.The design of heavy (%) clay (kaolinite) and Fe pilaration on oil shale were greatly influence the change of TOC values when heated,then affecting maturation and Tmax. The temperature of maturation and Tmax as the main parameters of conversion of oil shale to liquid hydrocarbon. This method supports the development of science and technology in the field of exploitation and processing of natural resources.
... On the other hand, most of the conducted research investigated the use of FOSA in its raw state without applying any considerable treatment. The FOSA raw material is usually burned at a temperature of 500-1000 • C, but no information on the burning time and exact temperature is provided [48,49,[57][58][59]]. Yet, the burning temperature profile should be controlled to ensure the best pozzolanic behavior [40]. ...
... Table 1 lists the chemical compositions of FOSA and cement. The temperature and duration limits simulate and summarize the parameters that were repeated in previous studies to determine their effect on this FOSA [46,[57][58][59]. Lastly, the thermal-treated FOSA was sieved again to ensure the size of particles and remove the coarser and agglomerated materials using a 200 µm sieve. ...
... Table 1 lists the chemical compositions of FOSA and cement. The temperature and duration limits simulate and summarize the parameters that were repeated in previous studies to determine their effect on this FOSA [46,[57][58][59]. Lastly, the thermal-treated FOSA was sieved again to ensure the size of particles and remove the coarser and agglomerated materials using a 200 μm sieve. ...
Fly oil shale ash (FOSA) is a waste material known for its pozzolanic activity. This study intends to investigate the optimum thermal treatment conditions to use FOSA efficiently as a cement replacement material. FOSA samples were burned in an electric oven for 2, 4, and 6 h at temperatures ranging from 550 °C to 1000 °C with 150 °C intervals. A total of 333 specimens out of 37 different mixes were prepared and tested with cement replacement ratios between 10% and 30%. The investigated properties included the mineralogical characteristics, chemical elemental analysis, compressive strength, and strength activity index for mortar samples. The findings show that the content of SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 was less than 70% in all samples. The strength activity index of the raw FOSA at 56 days exceeded 75%. Among all specimens, the calcined samples for 2 h demonstrated the highest pozzolanic activity and compressive strength with a 75% strength activity index. The model developed by RSM is suitable for the interpretation of FOSA in the cementitious matrix with high degrees of correlation above 85%. The optimal compressive strength was achieved at a 30% replacement level, a temperature of 700 °C for 2 h, and after 56 days of curing.
... Bartis et al also did underground shale material mining using room and pillar mining method. Burhnham et al (2006) did ex-situ process on extraction of shale material processing result although several new technology did in-situ process (Al-Hamaiedh et al, 2010). This heating process separated the free organic component (shale material) from bond organic component in shale material. ...
... This result encourages researcher to do research development on shale material, e.g., Peters, Walters, dan Moldowan (2006). Then, Al-Hamaiedh et al (2010) conducted a research to know the result of exploitation on shale material combined with a large amount of ash. ...
Abstract Previous researches about clay material motivate researchers to know more about the effect of clay toward
heating process of organic materials mixture. The objective of the research is to characterize clay that amalgamate with
organic material stearic acid, hereinafter called as shale material. The synthesis of shale material has been successful in
accordance to reference, which shows the shale material character and can be used in the conversion of oil shale into
crude oil. The result of SEM and XRD analysis shows that the shale material has a very tiny pores that are not even seen,
because the pores are filled by the organic material which are accumulated and strongly bound with illinite/kaolinite and
other materials in small percentage. TGA test result on two sample of shale material (clay+organic) shows that the
material did not experience many phase changing, so the time and temperature are relatively not high. Temperature for
early maturation is Tmax=325OC-430OC and Tmax=421OC-453OC. Then, at 650OC-1000OC, the shale material
experience constant last changing (over mature). The result of Tmax measurement using pyrolisis is same as TGA. The
pyrolisis test on clay-organic material shows a very good hidrokarbon potential (PY=605,06-652,45 mg/g material clayorganic
and TOC=19,94-34,38%). The test on both material that amalgamate with the organic shows that clay material
gives alot of influences on the heating process of the organic material.
Keywords: shale material, clay organic, Tmax, over mature, TGA, TOC
... This substitution resulted in an increment in the specific surface area and free-lime content which increased the expansion and cracking occurrence. The study concluded that 10% replacement of cement is the maximum replacement which resulted in acceptable compressive and bending strength close to the control mix result [24,63]. The incorporation of FOSA with fly coal ash (FCA) and bottom coal ash (BCA) and the influence of their addition on the mechanical properties of the cement mortar were investigated [36]. ...
... The relation between compressive strength and the water-binder ratio of different mixes containing FOSA as partial cement replacement at 28 days[40,56,58,63]. ...
Abstract
Oil shale ash (OSA) is proven as a self-cementitious material that consists of two parts; a cementitious part represented by its high content of CaO, and a Pozzolanic part represented by its content of Al2O3, SiO2, and Fe2O3. OSA can be used in the various applications of the construction industry and building technology to minimize environmental risks and promote sustainability. This review aims to survey the research efforts on using OSA for construction applications and map the research views from the literature through a coherent and systematic mixed reviewing methodology (bibliometric analysis and systematic review). Overall, 528 publications were collected and then screened to 38 studies. The bibliometric mapping was implemented for the keyword’s occurrence and the tested properties of construction materials containing OSA. This review concluded that the utilization of OSA in construction materials has considerably interesting pathways and presents a basis for future optimization in concrete, mortar, geopolymer, building blocks, glass–ceramic, aggregate, asphalt binder, and soil stabilization agent. However, this utilization negatively affects several aspects of each type of the reviewed material. More investigations are required to provide a better understanding of the mechanical properties and durability of OSA-based concrete for its mass usage in broad applications and widespread in the construction industry. This systematic review provides a thorough understanding of gaps and existing opportunities for research and is expected to motivate researchers to be involved in this range of studies.
... Disposal of spent oil shale is costly and causes environmental issues [9]. Thus, more studies are required to determine viable techniques for safe disposal as well as reuse of spent oil shale as adsorbent. ...
In this study, the efficiency of spent oil shale was assessed to remove the methyl red (MR) from aqueous solution under various chemical and physical parameters. The adsorption kinetics was assessed using the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The results indicated that increase in the level of adsorbent led to an increase in amount of dye removed from the solution. Most of the dye was adsorbed within 90 min. MR adsorption followed pseudo-first-order model. Material extracted oil shale was characterized by several methods such as electronic scanning microscopy (ESM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The treated oil shale showed high adsorption potential against MR in polluted wastewater
... Oil shale is a kind of clay or carbonate shale material that contains a lot of organic materials, and an energy source that can produce oil and gas [10] (Kantsler and Cook, 1980). The result of oil shale processing is very useful in the agricultural sector and property industry [1][2][3]. A research on the oil shale becomes a main research in Soviet Union [21]. Berraja et al. [5] started the research on thermal analysis study at the combustion of oil shale in Tafaya. ...
