Regulatory effects of ApoNVs on macrophages, HUVECs and HAVSMCs. a) Schematic illustration of the experimental design used to assess the effect of ApoNVs on macrophages, HUVECs and HAVSMCs. b) Representative fluorescence images showing the cellular uptake of DiD‐labeled ApoNVs (red) by macrophages. The cytoskeleton F‐actin was stained with YF 488‐Phalloidin (green) and the nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). c) Flow cytometry analysis of the expression of the inflammatory M1 marker CD86 and the anti‐inflammatory M2 marker CD206 in macrophages treated with or without ApoNVs. d,e) NO (d) and TNF‐α (e) production by macrophages with or without ApoNVs treatment. f) Representative fluorescence images showing the cellular uptake of DiD‐labeled ApoNVs (red) by HUVECs. The cytoskeleton F‐actin was stained with YF 488‐Phalloidin (green), and the nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). g) HUVEC proliferation with or without ApoNV treatment. h,i) Tube formation of HUVECs with or without ApoNV treatment. j,k) Chemotactic migration of HUVECs with or without ApoNV treatment. l) Representative fluorescence images showing the cellular uptake of DiD‐labeled ApoNVs (red) by HAVSMCs. The cytoskeleton F‐actin was stained with YF 488‐Phalloidin (green) and the nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). m) HAVSMC proliferation with or without ApoNV treatment. n,o) Chemotactic migration of HAVSMCs with or without ApoNV treatment. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (n = 3 per group). Statistical significance was determined by one‐way ANOVA with Tukey's test (d, e) and an independent unpaired two‐tailed Student's t test (g, i, k, m, o). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ns: not significant.