Table 5 - uploaded by Laurie E. Paarlberg
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Regression Results for Rural Counties (n = 1,316). Variables Per capita income, 2006; B (SE) Gini 2006; B (SE)
Source publication
The authors examine major aspects of the connection between social capital and economic development in U.S. counties. They test the conclusions of Putnam, who saw associations as a force for positive development, and Olson, who concluded the opposite. The authors find that Putnam organizations have a negative effect on income, while Olson organizat...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... 1% increase in the density of congregations is associated with a 0.02400% decrease in per capita income and a 0.00007 decrease in income inequality as measured by Gini units. Tables 5 through 7 show the regression results broken down by rural, small-town, and metropolitan counties. Table 5 examines the influence of social capital on economic develop- ment in rural counties. ...
Context 2
... 5 through 7 show the regression results broken down by rural, small-town, and metropolitan counties. Table 5 examines the influence of social capital on economic develop- ment in rural counties. There are three differences between the rural-counties model and the all-counties model. ...
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Citations
... For informal institutions, we use social capital indicators, that are widely employed in research on income inequality (e.g., Muringani et al., 2021;Hoyman et al., 2016). To construct our measures of bonding and bridging social capital, we use data from the European Value Survey (EVS), which provides individual-level data on participation in various types of organisations. ...
... Third, the percentage of the population living under the poverty line is employed. All three community-level independent variables have been widely used to measure aggregate socioeconomic status (Emrich et al., 2020;Hoyman et al. 2016;Paarlberg et al. 2018). ...
The challenge of building and maintaining public infrastructure in the face of climate change and natural hazards necessitates greater citizen involvement in decision-making processes. Coproduction aims to ensure equitable service distribution by engaging a diverse range of citizens. However, the literature highlights disparities, with certain citizens having greater resources for participation. This study explores how individual socioeconomic factors and risk perceptions influence citizens' willingness to engage in coproduction. Coproduction has been criticized for excluding marginalized populations, we analyze how multilevel factors shape willingness to participate in two modes of coproduction: co-planning and co-investing. The results indicate that risk perception is the most significant factor driving citizens' willingness to coproduce. Furthermore, well-educated or wealthy citizens are more inclined to participate. This study proposes an inclusive approach to coproduction, aiming to ensure equitable public service delivery regardless of socioeconomic status.
... Although social capital is defined in many ways and dimensions, it simply refers to the common values and resources of social networks that establish a sense of community and belonging with shared norms, trust, and reciprocal relationships. At the community level, social capital is illustrated by the collective ability to promote civic engagement in generalized reciprocity, in which engaged actors cooperate to build social relations and produce and benefit from common goods and values (Adler & Kwon, 2002;Hoyman et al., 2016;Portes, 2000;Putnam, 2000). The justification of nonprofit activity is much founded on a variety of social causes and unmet services in community-building dimensions. ...
... The aggregate of social networks is variously scaled, ranging from individual and organizational interactions for resource exchanges (Kwon et al., 2013;Tsai & Ghoshal, 1998) to local-level collective assets enriching community development (Hoyman et al., 2016;Hwang & Young, 2022;Paarlberg & Yoshioka, 2016). With the conceptual stretch between the individual and community networks, social capital is characterized as "an attribute of the community itself" (Portes, 2000, p. 3), created by civic members' coordinated efforts (Putnam, 2000). ...
... Combined, our conceptualization focuses on the community-building features of social capital through both bonding and bridging orientations of engaged members (Coffé & Geys, 2007;Putnam, 2000). Civic engagement bonds and bridges actors for social cohesiveness as well as development outcomes (Hoyman et al., 2016;Weisinger & Salipante, 2005). Therefore, this study defines social capital as the common values and resources of social networks in various forms that establish a sense of community and belonging. ...
Nonprofit activity produces social benefits, brings engaged actors in social networks, and promotes a sense of community and belonging by instilling shared values and norms, resulting in community trust and support back to the nonprofit. This reciprocal pattern of community building features the nonprofit role in building social capital. Social capital develops in interaction with the entrepreneurship context. Social entrepreneurial models of nonprofit learning and innovation demonstrate the potential of new entrepreneurial methods and market opportunities to help organizations achieve desired social impacts. This article adds a discussion on nonprofit missions as a vehicle driving nonprofit learning and innovation to be motivated to facilitate community building. By developing a moderated mediation model, we propose that value-instilled innovation from the interactive form of learning and shared mission enhances the nonprofit role in building social capital. The findings support the hypothesized relationships, producing implications for the community-building motivation of nonprofit organizations.
... Trabajos sobre el capital social ya han encontrado con anterioridad evidencia empírica sobre dicho nexo entre el capital social y la capacidad de conseguir mejoras a nivel local (Díaz et. al., 2002;Durston, 1999;Engbers et. al., 2017;Evans y Syrett, 2007;Hoyman et. al., 2016;Nel y McQuaid, 2002;Putnam, 1993;Rodríguez-Modroño, 2012;Whiteley, 2000). Sin embargo, estos esfuerzos dentro de la literatura han concentrado sus esfuerzos en mostrar cómo estas relaciones están presentes en el desempeño económico y político, principalmente para casos locales o con datos agregados y representados en mejoras per cápita, ...
... tar ciertos retos de la pobreza económica, el establecimiento de nuevas fuentes de trabajo, así como el mejoramiento de la infraestructura local (Díaz et. al., 2002;Durston, 1999;Engbers et. al., 2017;Torsvik, 2000). Esto debido, en parte, a la reducción de los costos de transacción implicados por la complejidad de coordinar esfuerzos individuales (Hoyman et. al., 2016;Oh et. al., 2014;Ostrom y Ahn, 2003;Whiteley, 2000). ...
La investigación busca rastrear si por medio de las opiniones sobre capital social se pueden entender las percepciones sobre la situación económica. Para proceder con el análisis se utiliza una regresión logística sobre las encuestas realizadas por LAPOP en 2021 para México, pero en búsqueda de mayor validez externa se complementan los resultados con los datos de las oleadas de 2004 a 2019. Los datos de 2021 se revisan por sí mismos con un modelo de regresión logística y se separan para evitar perder preguntas disponibles en el resto de los años sobre capital social. Para los datos de 2004 a 2019 se utilizó un modelo de ecuaciones simultáneas para afrontar los problemas de endogeneidad. Este trabajo da pauta a conocer cómo el capital social incide en las percepciones económicas a nivel individual, lo cual es un aporte a una tendencia de ver esta relación a nivel agregado para las comunidades o per cápita, para así contar con evidencia que respalde decisiones políticas que puedan buscar mejorar las condiciones económicas a través de la generación de capital social. Los resultados apuntan a que, efectivamente. el capital social influye en las precepciones económicas, pero queda latente un problema de endogeneidad.
... First, the federal government declares a state of emergency for natural disasters and outbreaks at the county level, and the responses and recovery plans are implemented at the county level as well (Domingue and Emrich 2019). Second, U.S. counties play an important role in implementing social and economic policies, and using county-level data allows for better representation of communities than would city-level data (Hoyman et al. 2016;Powers, Matthews, and Mowen 2021). Third, frontline nonprofits, such as community hospitals and human service organizations that respond to pandemic outbreaks, typically operate on the county level (Paarlberg et al. 2020). ...
Using the county-level data of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in the United States, we test the relationship between communities’ social capital and philanthropic resource mobilization during a pandemic and how this relationship is moderated by the racial diversity and the severity of the pandemic in the community. The analysis suggests that the collective monetary contributions to frontline nonprofits responding to pandemics are closely related to the level of social capital in the community. The results also reveal that the positive relationship between social capital and resource mobilization is reinforced in racially diverse communities and when communities are affected by pandemics more severely. Our findings suggest that building inclusive communities by embracing diverse racial groups and individuals will contribute to communities’ resilience to pandemics and other disasters.
... It is no surprise, and then, those marginalized entities tend to underperform (Boje, 1995). Ties between organizations within a business environment help fortify the community, leading to greater economic development (Hoyman et al., 2016). Therefore, marginalized entrepreneurs may be more likely to operate ventures in disinvested communities (Wacquant and Wilson, 1989). ...
Purpose
This study aims to examine the relationship between marginalization, Web presence and firm performance for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
Design/methodology/approach
This study relies upon interviews and surveys of managers and/or owners of SMEs. Using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling, the authors tested an integrated model of the relationship between marginalization, Web presence and firm performance.
Findings
Findings indicate that marginalization enhances the risk perceptions entrepreneurs assign to internet use. This enhanced risk perception then limits the extent to which an entrepreneur responds to online customer feedback, which has implications for the SME’s relationship and reputation management efforts with buyers, ultimately impacting the enterprise’s performance.
Originality/value
This study sheds light on the overlooked phenomena of marginalization and internet avoidance among entrepreneurs. The findings provide insight for entrepreneurs on the deleterious consequences associated with lacking an online presence.
... However, the benefit to using county level variables, is that they have the capacity to yield results with greater policy implications. As many researchers have suggested, policies established at the county level show greater efficacy in the U.S. (Hoyman et al., 2016). In addition, the county level is small enough for many people to have some awareness of their coresidents in contrast to an entire metropolitan area or state. ...
The intergenerational transmission of education from parents to children is an important indicator of societal inclusiveness and educational inequality. The present study uses restricted-access data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) to investigate whether intergenerational educational transmission varies by county-level demographic and socioeconomic characteristics for Hispanic Americans. Based on parental birthplace, Hispanic Americans are grouped into 3 + generation (i.e., children of native-born Hispanic parents) and 2nd generation (i.e., children of foreign-born Hispanic parents). Men and women are analyzed separately. The results indicate that intergenerational educational mobility is higher if 3 + generation Hispanic men reside in areas with a larger Hispanic population, and if 2nd generation Hispanic men reside in areas with a larger college-educated population, during their adolescent years. County-level socioeconomic characteristics do not seem to affect intergenerational educational mobility of Hispanic women, non-Hispanic white men, or non-Hispanic white women. Theoretical and empirical implications of the findings are discussed.
... Narayan and Pritchett (1997) illustrate that in rural Tanzania, social capital in the form of o cial networks improves the income of households. In rural America, Hoyman et al. (2016) present that bridging social capital, which is a social organization with heterogeneous members, has a positive impact on per capita income. In rural Indonesia, Jumirah and Wahyuni (2018) estimate the impact of social capital in terms of trust, cooperativeness, and social network on household expenditure using the IV method. ...
This study empirically examines how social capital affects household income in rural Vietnam using the VARHS 2012-2014 surveys. We operationalized four forms of social capital, which are formal social networks, informal social networks, government connection, and general trust. We illustrate that social capital is abundant and has positive impacts on household income in rural Vietnam. Among many dimensions of social capital, political and governmental connectivity is fundamentally essential for improving household income. Approaching governmental organizations through the friend network is much more effective than the relative network or family member network. This study provides evidence that informal network is also important. Connecting to the community through the participation of wedding ceremonies increases spiritual well-being and works as a type of social capital to increase household income. Surprisingly, we find no positive impact of general trust and other massive organizations, which are often claimed to be necessary, such as the Farmer Association or the Women Association.
... Narayan and Pritchett (1997) illustrate that in rural Tanzania, social capital in the form of official networks improves the income of households. In rural America, Hoyman et al. (2016) present that bridging social capital, which is a social organization with heterogeneous members, has a positive impact on per capita income. In rural Indonesia, Jumirah and Wahyuni (2018) estimate the impact of social capital in terms of trust, cooperativeness, and social network on household expenditure using the IV method. ...
As a result of the increase in global climate change and the development of social networks, the study of ecotourism and the impact of social networks has been getting greater attention. Nonetheless,research examining the impact ofsocial networks on ecotourismhas been limited. This study investigates the relationship between ease of use, perceived usefulness, wordof-mouth (WOM), perceived trust, and tourist attitude towards ecotourism, and examines the moderating role of perceived risk on these relationships in the context of Vietnam. The regression analysis was conducted with data from answers of 231 respondents. The results show that perceived trust has the largest impact on tourist attitude towards ecotourism, which is followed by perceived usefulness. WOM communication has the least impact. The study also highlights the role of perceived risk in moderating the relationship between social networks and tourist attitudes.
... Empirical research on the effects of bonding social capital remains inconclusive. Findings from studies on economic growth (Beugelsdijk and Smulders, 2009;Hoyman et al., 2016), innovation (Crescenzi and Gagliardi, 2015) and regional diversification (Cortinovis et al., 2017) generally show a negative coefficient, but rarely a strong and significant effect. Overall, these findings are ambivalent as to whether bonding social capital has a negative effect on economic growth. ...
... Overall, empirical studies on economic growth (Beugelsdijk and Smulders, 2009) innovation (Crescenzi and Gagliardi, 2015), regional diversification (Cortinovis et al., 2017), and income inequality (Hoyman et al., 2016) have, by and large, found bridging to be positively and significantly connected to growth. However, research on the relationship between bonding and bridging social capital remains inconclusive. ...
... There is therefore a need to consider other socio-economic outcomes alongside economic growth. It is possible that social capital may have different effects on other socio-economic outcomes (Hauser et al., 2007;Hoyman et al., 2016;Maskell, 2000). ...
Social capital is an important factor explaining differences in economic growth among regions. However, the key distinction between bonding social capital, which can lead to lock-in and myopia, and bridging social capital, which promotes knowledge flows across diverse groups, has been overlooked in growth research. In this paper, we address this shortcoming by examining how bonding and bridging social capital affect regional economic growth, using data for 190 regions in 21 EU countries, covering eight waves of the European Social Survey between 2002 and 2016. The findings confirm that bridging social capital is linked to higher levels of regional economic growth. Bonding social capital is highly correlated with bridging social capital and associated with lower growth when this is controlled for. We do not find significantly different effects of bonding social capital in regions with more or less bridging social capital, or vice versa. We examine the interaction between social and human capital, finding that bridging social capital is fundamental for stimulating economic growth, especially in low-skilled regions. Human capital also moderates the relationship between bonding social capital and growth, reducing the negative externalities imposed by excessive bonding.
