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Regions of activation observed in whole brain analysis in stimulus combination A (single bar standards, double bar deviants). A (left side, MNI axial=28, sagittal=50) shows increased activity in deviant blocks relative to standards. B (right side, MNI axial=14, sagittal=46) shows increased activity in standard only blocks relative to blocks containing deviants. L indicates left hemisphere. Group statistics were calculated using a mixed effects general linear model with a cluster forming threshold Z>2.3, and cluster corrected at p<0.05.
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Automatic detection of environmental change is a core component of attention. The mismatch negativity (MMN), an electrophysiological marker of this mechanism, has been studied prominently in the auditory domain, with cortical generators identified in temporal and frontal regions. Here, we combined electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magneti...
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... gyrus, extend- ing in to angular gyrus and lateral occipital cortex. In the reverse contrast, increased activity was observed in standard only blocks in right central opercular cortex (extending to the parietal oper- culum, insular cortex and Heschl's gyrus), right postcentral gyrus, and right cerebellum. These regions of activation are shown in Fig. 3. In combination B, consisting of single bar deviants and double bars standards, increased activity to standard-only blocks was observed in a cluster extending through insular cortex, Heschl's gyrus and central opercular cortex. No increases in activity were found when contrasting deviant blocks relative to standard-only blocks with ...Similar publications
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Although working memory is generally considered a highly dynamic mnemonic store, popular laboratory tasks used to understand its psychological and neural mechanisms (such as change detection and continuous reproduction) often remain relatively “static,” involving the retention of a set number of items throughout a shared delay interval. In the curr...
Citations
... Furthermore, the MMN synchronizes with temporal and frontal cortical sources and the auditory cortex [83,127]. Interestingly, auditory and visual MMN may be found when the left inferior frontal gyrus is activated [131][132][133]. These findings highlight how momentary dissociation can reflexively interact with attentional awareness through the N1/MMN [53]. ...
Daydreaming, a form of spontaneous and self-generated mental process, may lead to the disintegration of attention from the immediate external environment. In extreme cases, patients may develop maladaptive daydreaming comorbid with dissociation. The examination of dissociative alterations frequently occurs within the framework of complex cognitive processes. While dissociation may be a neurological and psychological dysfunction of integration, transient dissociative occurrences, i.e., momentary dissociation may signify a dynamic interplay between attentional division and orientation within the sensory cortex. Furthermore, previous studies have recorded the interactivity of attention by stimuli onset with P3 event-related potentials and the active suppression of distractor positivity. In this context, during auditory and visual mismatch negativity, the sensory cortex may interact with attentional orientation. Additionally, distractor positivity during task-relevant stimuli may play a crucial role in predicting momentary dissociation since sensory cortices share cerebral correlates with attentional fluctuations during mental imagery. Thus, this theoretical review investigated the cerebral activities associated with attentional orientation and may be extended to mindfulness. By integrating these findings, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of dissociative states which may lead to a resolution for dissociative psychopathology.
... The vMMN is connected to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe, which also shows structural and functional impairments in schizophrenia 52 . Several previous studies shows the involvement of the frontal cortex in mismatch generation in both modalities 50,53,54 . The aMMN is found to be connected to the right prefrontal, inferior and middle frontal gyrus 66,67 , while the left inferior and middle frontal cortices take part in the generation of the vMMN 53 . ...
... Several previous studies shows the involvement of the frontal cortex in mismatch generation in both modalities 50,53,54 . The aMMN is found to be connected to the right prefrontal, inferior and middle frontal gyrus 66,67 , while the left inferior and middle frontal cortices take part in the generation of the vMMN 53 . A recent fMRI study by Grundei described an overlapping network , involving the inferior frontal cortex, the temporo-parietal areas and sensory cortices 68 . ...
... In other words, representation of the more complex stimulus included the representation of the less complex stimulus 57 . The frontal localization of the V6 mismatch negativity in patients suggest the involvement of a higher level processing mechanism, such as attention orientation and triggering 53 . Since we detect vMMN in both groups, it is unlikely that the lack of group difference is a result of a methodological issue in the design of our visual experiment. ...
Mismatch negativity (MMN) is an event-related potential (ERP) component generated when an unexpected deviant stimulus occurs in a pattern of standard stimuli. Several studies showed that the MMN response to both auditory and visual stimuli is attenuated in schizophrenia. While previous studies investigated auditory and visual MMN in different cohorts, here we examined the potential clinical utility of MMN responses to auditory and visual stimuli within the same group of patients. Altogether 39 patients with schizophrenia and 39 healthy controls matched in age, gender, and education were enrolled. We recorded EEG using 64 channels in eight experimental blocks where we presented auditory and visual stimulus sequences. Mismatch responses were obtained by subtracting responses to standard from the physically identical deviant stimuli. We found a significant MMN response to the acoustic stimuli in the control group, whereas no significant mismatch response was observed in the patient group. The group difference was significant for the acoustic stimuli. The 12 vane windmill pattern evoked a significant MMN response in the early time window in the control group but not in the patient group. The 6 vane windmill pattern evoked MMN only in the patient group. However, we found no significant difference between the groups. Furthermore, we found no correlation between the clinical variables and the MMN amplitudes. Our results suggest that predictive processes underlying mismatch generation in patients with schizophrenia may be more affected in the acoustic compared to the visual domain. Acoustic MMN tends to be a more promising biomarker in schizophrenia.
... It is important to study MMN in AD/HD patients because neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies have shown MMN generators at the primary sensory cortex (e.g., vMMN in occipital lobe and aMMN in temporal lobe) and also the inferior frontal cortex (IFC) [24][25][26][27][28][29][30], which plays an important role in inhibition and sustained attention. In a recent meta-analysis of 34 well-controlled studies, patients with AD/HD consistently showed abnormal activation of IFC during attention, response inhibition, and cognitive control tasks when compared with healthy controls [31]. ...
In addition to higher-order executive functions, underlying sensory processing ability is also thought to play an important role in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). An event-related potential feature, the mismatch negativity, reflects the ability of automatic sensory change processing and may be correlated with AD/HD symptoms and executive functions. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) in adults with AD/HD. Twenty eight adults with AD/HD and 31 healthy controls were included in this study. These two groups were matched in age, IQ and sex. In addition, both groups completed psychiatric evaluations, a visual ERP task used to elicit vMMN, and psychological measures about AD/HD symptoms and day-to-day executive functions. Compared to trols, the late vMMN (230–330 ms) was significantly reduced in the AD/HD group. Correlation analyses showed that late vMMN was correlated with executive functions but not AD/HD symptoms. However, further mediation analyses showed that different executive functions had mediated the relationships between late vMMN and AD/HD symptoms. Our findings indicate that the late vMMN, reflecting automatic sensory change processing ability, was impaired in adults with AD/HD. This impairment could have negative impact on AD/HD symptoms via affecting day-to-day executive functions.
... This error signal occurs when a sensory input does not match the prediction for that input (58). Frontal mechanisms are thought to underlie the coding of the predicted representation, which then acts on sensory processing regions (59). ...
... ]. However, this variability in the location of the frontal source could also stem from variations in the degree of attentional focus on the stimuli (59). A further limitation arises from the circumstance that some of the individuals in the at-risk state were already receiving antipsychotic medication. ...
Background
Deficits of mismatch negativity (MMN) in patients with schizophrenia have been demonstrated many times and there is growing evidence that alterations of MMN already exist in individuals at risk for psychosis. The present study examines differences in MMN between subjects fulfilling ultra-high risk (UHR) or only basic symptoms criteria and it addresses the question, if MMN source analysis can improve prediction of transition to psychosis.
Methods
The MMN to duration, frequency, and intensity deviants was recorded in 50 healthy controls and 161 individuals at risk for psychosis classified into three subgroups: only basic symptoms (n = 74), only ultra-high risk (n = 13) and persons who fulfill both risk criteria (n = 74). Based on a three-source model of MMN generation, we conducted an MMN source analysis and compared the amplitudes of surface electrodes and sources among the three groups.
Results
Significant differences in MMN generation among the four groups were revealed at surface electrodes Cz and C4 (p < 0.05) and at the frontal source (p < 0.001) for duration deviant stimuli. The 15 subjects from the risk groups who subsequently developed a manifest psychosis had a significantly lower MMN amplitude at frontal source (p = 0.019) without showing significant differences at surface electrodes. Low activity at frontal MMN source increased the risk of transition to manifest disease by the factor 3.12 in UHR subjects.
Conclusion
MMN activity differed significantly between subjects presenting only basic symptoms and subjects which additionally meet UHR criteria. The largest differences between groups as well as between individuals with and without transition were observed at the frontal source. The present results suggest that source analysis is more sensitive than surface electrodes in psychosis risk prediction by MMN.
... For the visual modality, we identified sources in visual areas (V1-V4) and additional frontal activations in IFG and MFG as the neuronal generators underlying the vMMN. Previous studies have shown similar combinations of visual and prefrontal areas (Kimura et al., 2010;Kimura et al., 2011;Kimura et al., 2012;Urakawa et al., 2010;Yucel et al., 2007) and have particularly highlighted the IFG as a frontal generator of the vMMN (Downar et al., 2000;Hedge et al., 2015). Similarly, an fMRI study of perceptual sequence learning in the visual system has shown right lateralized prefrontal activation in addition to activations in visual cortex in response to regularity violations (Huettel et al., 2002). ...
The human brain is constantly subjected to a multimodal stream of probabilistic sensory inputs. Electroencephalography (EEG) signatures, such as the mismatch negativity (MMN) and the P3, can give valuable insight into neuronal probabilistic inference. Although reported for different modalities, mismatch responses have largely been studied in isolation, with a strong focus on the auditory MMN. To investigate the extent to which early and late mismatch responses across modalities represent comparable signatures of uni- and cross-modal probabilistic inference in the hierarchically structured cortex, we recorded EEG from 32 participants undergoing a novel tri-modal roving stimulus paradigm. The employed sequences consisted of high and low intensity stimuli in the auditory, somatosensory and visual modalities and were governed by unimodal transition probabilities and cross-modal conditional dependencies. We found modality specific signatures of MMN (~100-200 ms) in all three modalities, which were source localized to the respective sensory cortices and shared right lateralized prefrontal sources. Additionally, we identified a cross-modal signature of mismatch processing in the P3a time range (~300-350 ms), for which a common network with frontal dominance was found. Across modalities, the mismatch responses showed highly comparable parametric effects of stimulus train length, which were driven by standard and deviant response modulations in opposite directions. Strikingly, P3a responses across modalities were increased for mispredicted stimuli with low cross-modal conditional probability, suggesting sensitivity to multimodal (global) predictive sequence properties. Finally, model comparisons indicated that the observed single trial dynamics were best captured by Bayesian learning models tracking unimodal stimulus transitions as well as cross-modal conditional dependencies.
... Under the assumption that the data under each of the four conditions [Conditions (conscious and unconscious conditions) and Types (ERSPs and ITPCs)] are independent in multiple comparisons of correlation coefficients, we found that the increase in theta ITPC evoked by the unconscious deviant stimulus at the occipital electrodes tended to make it easier for the stimulus to be consciously perceived. Several studies have suggested that neural theta phase coherence in the visual mismatch process reflects information flow through functional connectivity, not only within the occipital sites, where vMMN is evoked by preattentive visual change detection but also between the frontal and other areas, where the attentional mechanism associated with vMMN is involved (Stothart and Kazanina, 2013;MacLean and Ward, 2014;Hedge et al., 2015). From a theoretical viewpoint, top-down prediction as well as bottom-up stimulus information is indispensable for mismatch neural processing (Kimura, 2012;Winkler and Czigler, 2012). ...
Introduction: The electroencephalographic brain response to a deviation from the preceding sequential regularity of visual events, called visual mismatch negativity (vMMN), is well known to reflect automatic visual change detection. Our preliminary study showed a significant correlation between the enhancement of the vMMN amplitude and facilitation of perceptual alternation in binocular rivalry when the deviant stimulus was presented unconsciously. This implies that the vMMN is relevant to access processing, in which the unconscious stimulus is consciously perceived. Recent studies have reported that theta band oscillation evoked by a deviant stimulus is involved in evoking vMMN. However, it has not been clarified whether theta band oscillation associated with vMMN is also relevant to access processing.
Methods: We analyzed the correlations between event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) and inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC) in the theta band and the proportion of perceptual alternation from before to after the presentation of deviation in the same experimental paradigm as in our previous study.
Results: We found that an increase in ITPC in the theta band tended to correlate with facilitation of perceptual alternation in binocular rivalry when the deviant was presented unconsciously, but there was no significant correlation in ERSP.
Discussion: The results suggest that theta phase coherence underlying the visual mismatch process is relevant to the access processing.
... In this study, the vMMN caused by differences in visual complexity showed significant prefrontal volatility. Studies of the auditory MMN have implicated a role for the frontal lobe; the apparent variability in the location of the frontal source may stem from the variations in the degree of attentional focus on the stimuli [93]. Recent work that examined the oscillatory characteristics of the auditory MMN has demonstrated that the strength of frontal source responses is modulated by the active or passive nature of a task, in addition to stimulus complexity [94]. ...
... Recent work that examined the oscillatory characteristics of the auditory MMN has demonstrated that the strength of frontal source responses is modulated by the active or passive nature of a task, in addition to stimulus complexity [94]. The vMMN, as a homolog of the auditory MMN, also has the potential role of frontal mechanisms [93,95]. Our findings can be explained by the pre-attentive change detection, given that the latest studies examined early inferior frontal cortex (IFC) mismatch response representing the effort in comparing a stimulus to the prediction [96]. ...
This research measured human neural responses to images of different visual complexity levels using the oddball paradigm to explore the neurocognitive responses of complexity perception in visual processing. In the task, 24 participants (12 females) were required to react to images with high complexity for all stimuli. We hypothesized that high-complexity stimuli would induce early visual and attentional processing effects and may elicit the visual mismatch negativity responses and the emergence of error-related negativity. Our results showed that the amplitude of P1 and N1 were unaffected by complexity in the early visual processing. Under the target stimuli, both N2 and P3b components were reported, suggesting that the N2 component was sensitive to the complexity deviation, and the attentional processing related to complexity may be derived from the occipital zone according to the feature of the P3b component. In addition, compared with the low-complexity stimulus, the high-complexity stimulus aroused a larger amplitude of the visual mismatch negativity. The detected error negativity (Ne) component reflected the error detection of the participants’ mismatch between visual complexity and psychological expectations.
... However, the understanding of the neural mechanism in pre-attentive visual change detection was limited. A few fMRI and MEG studies revealed either the IFC ( Hedge et al., 2015 ) or the OC ( Clery et al., 2013 ;Urakawa et al., 2010 ) mismatch response, or both the IFC and OC mismatch responses ( Yucel et al., 2007 ) in detecting visual physical changes (e.g., color, bar orientation, and number of visual items). Only one EEG source localization study Kimura et al., (2011) suggested a possible IFC-followed-by-OC mismatch response to the change in emotional facial expression. ...
Current theories of pre-attentive change detection suggest a regularity or prediction violation mechanism involving a frontotemporal network. Modulations of the early inferior frontal cortex (IFC) mismatch response representing the effort in comparing a stimulus to the prediction, the superior temporal cortex (STC) response indicating deviance detection, and the late IFC response representing prediction model updating were consistently demonstrated in auditory change detection using event-related optical signal (EROS). If the prediction violation hypothesis represents a universal mechanism, a generic neural mechanism should be found in all sensory modalities. We postulated a generic fronto-sensory cortical network underlying the prediction violation mechanism: the IFC is responsible for non-modality-specific prediction processes while the sensory cortices are responsible for modality-specific error signal generation process. This study examined the involvement of the IFC-occipital cortex (OC) network in visual pre-attentive change detection. The EROS mismatch responses to deviant bar arrays violating a fixed orientation regularity (low in regularity abstractness) were compared to that of deviant violating a rotational orientation regularity (high in abstractness) while the information available for establishing the prediction model was manipulated by varying the number of standards preceding the deviants. Modulations of the IFC-OC mismatch response patterns by abstractness and train length reflected the processing demands on the prediction processes and were similar to that of the IFC-STC network. These findings demonstrated that the fronto-sensory cortical network is not unique to auditory pre-attentive change detection and provided supports for a universal neural mechanism across sensory modalities as suggested by the prediction violation hypothesis.
... Although 28 (63%) experiments and conditions compared physically identical stimuli, only 10 (23%) also had an appropriate control for adaptation, again seriously limiting the conclusions, we can draw from the literature about the genuine vMMN. Two studies found that spatial frequency deviants produced a vMMN only when deviants had higher spatial frequencies than the standard Hedge et al., 2015). File et al. manipulated spatial frequency by changing the number of vanes in their sharp-edged radial gratings-windmill-like patterns-on deviant trials and argued that the deviant with fewer vanes did not produce a vMMN, because it was less complex. ...
Research shows that the visual system monitors the environment for changes. For example, a left-tilted bar, a deviant, that appears after several presentations of a right-tilted bar, standards, elicits a classic visual mismatch negativity (vMMN): greater negativity for deviants than standards in event-related potentials (ERPs) between 100 and 300 ms after onset of the deviant. The classic vMMN is contributed to by adaptation; it can be distinguished from the genuine vMMN that, through use of control conditions, compares standards and deviants that are equally adapted and physically identical. To determine whether the vMMN follows similar principles to the auditory mismatch negativity (MMN), in two experiments we searched for a genuine vMMN from simple, physiologically plausible stimuli that change in fundamental dimensions: orientation, contrast, phase, and spatial frequency. We carefully controlled for attention and eye movements. We found no evidence for the genuine vMMN, despite adequate statistical power. We conclude that either the genuine vMMN is a rather unstable phenomenon that depends on still-to-be-identified experimental parameters, or it is confined to visual stimuli for which monitoring across time is more natural than monitoring over space, such as for high-level features. We also observed an early deviant-related positivity that we propose might reflect earlier predictive processing.
... Although 28 (63%) experiments and conditions compared physically identical stimuli, only 10 (23%) also had an appropriate control for adaptation, again seriously limiting the conclusions, we can draw from the literature about the genuine vMMN. Two studies found that spatial frequency deviants produced a vMMN only when deviants had higher spatial frequencies than the standard Hedge et al., 2015). File et al. manipulated spatial frequency by changing the number of vanes in their sharp-edged radial gratings-windmill-like patterns-on deviant trials and argued that the deviant with fewer vanes did not produce a vMMN, because it was less complex. ...
Research shows that the visual system monitors the environment for changes. For example, a left-tilted bar, a deviant, that appears after several presentations of a right-tilted bar, standards, elicits a classic visual mismatch negativity (vMMN): greater negativity for deviants than standards in event-related potentials (ERPs) between 100 and 300 ms after onset of the deviant. The classic vMMN is contributed to by adaptation; it can be distinguished from the genuine vMMN that, through use of control conditions, compares standards and deviants that are equally adapted and physically identical. To determine whether the vMMN follows similar principles to the auditory mismatch negativity (MMN), in two experiments we searched for a genuine vMMN from simple, physiologically plausible stimuli that change in fundamental dimensions: orientation, contrast, phase, and spatial frequency. We carefully controlled for attention and eye movements. We found no evidence for the genuine vMMN, despite adequate statistical power. We conclude that either the genuine vMMN is a rather unstable phenomenon that depends on still-to-be-identified experimental parameters, or it is confined to visual stimuli for which monitoring across time is more natural than monitoring over space, such as for high-level features. We also observed an early deviant-related positivity that we propose might reflect earlier predictive processing.
