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Redundancy analysis (RDA) biplot of the carbonate precipitation and physicochemical parameters of four sites on riv- ers in central Mexico. CV = Current velocity. TA = Total alkalinity.
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Geochemical, mineralogical and microbiological data from four freshwater streams in central region of Mexico indicate the importance of Blennothrix ganeshii mats (Cyanobacteria, Oscillatoriales) in promoting the formation of calcium carbonate crystals. The streams were characterized by alkaline waters and relative physicochemical stability during t...
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... re- gardless of sampling season (31 and 36%, respectively), whereas populations from sites 2 and 3 showed the lowest precipitation (13 and 16%, respectively). The eigenvalues of the first two RDA axes were high (RDA1, 0.66 and RDA2, 0.33) when compared with subsequent axes, and they accounted for 99% of the variance in carbonate precipitation (Fig. 3). Both axes accounted for 99% of the variance in the relationship between carbonate precipitation at the four sites and environmental variables. The results of the permutation tests revealed the statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05) of the effects of current velocity and N-NO 2 -at sites 2 and 3; total alkalinity, K 25 , SO 4 2-, Ca 2+ , ...
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Geochemical, mineralogical and microbiological data from four freshwater streams in central region of Mexico indicate the importance of Blennothrix ganeshii mats (Cyanobacteria, Oscillatoriales) in promoting the formation of calcium carbonate crystals. The streams were characterized by alkaline waters and relative physicochemical stability during t...
A comprehensive research of water and cyanobacterial mats in Mogoysky and Shurindinsky thermal springs (Baikal rift zone) was carried out by hydrochemical, chemical, microbiological, and mineralogical methods. Detailed descriptions of the springs location and their characteristics were given. According to their chemical composition, the springs wer...
Beltrán-Magos, Y, J. Carmona, G. Vilaclara and M. Bojorge-García. 2013. Calcification of the filamentous cyanobacterium Blennothrix ganeshii in calcareous tropical streams of central Mexico region. Hidrobiológica 23 (1): XXX-XXX. ABSTRACT Geochemical, mineralogical and microbiological data from four freshwater streams in central region of Mexico in...
Siliceous, opal-A speleothems of the Chimalacatepec lava tube system in central Mexico are characterized here for the first time. Morphologically, they can be classified into cylindrical and planar, and display a wide array of shapes, inner textures, and locations within the lava tube. All speleothems analyzed here are composed of opal-A, and their...
Citations
... Calcite crystals forming steep rhombs with outwardly convex edges evoking gothic arches were originally discovered in minidam pools of Italian hot spring travertines [14] and subsequently recognized in many other travertines worldwide [16,[56][57][58]. Calcite crystals of this specific habit were also reported from some present-day cold-water tufa deposits [17,18] and fossil spring carbonates deposited from waters of uncertain original temperature [15,49,59,60]. More recently, calcite microcrystals forming steep rhombohedra with characteristically curved faces and edges have been found as components of finegrained precipitates deposited from some natural mineral waters stored in PET bottles [61]. ...
... Trigonal calcite crystals, such as those found on the exterior of some gothic-arch calcite crystals, have been recognized from some paleosoils [82] and lacustrine deposits [83,84]. More recently, calcite crystals with trigonal prism morphologies, often forming composite trigonal prismatic aggregates made by numerous smaller-scale trigonal prismatic subcrystals, were described from some spring deposits, both cold-water tufas [18,[85][86][87] and hot-spring travertines [16,[88][89][90]. Trigonal calcite crystals have also occasionally been reported also from some speleothems [6,10,19,91], however, the factors that control their precipitation are poorly understood. ...
... In accordance with this hypothesis, the curvature of gothic-arch calcite crystals should be indicative of sulfur-rich, often hydrothermal, aqueous environments inhabited by sulfuroxidizing bacteria. Indeed, many occurrences of the gothic-arch calcite, both from fossil deposits and present-day springs, have been reported to be associated with waters that once may have been, or still are, sulfate-rich, lukewarm or warm, and with rich bacterial activity [14,15,18,19,28,57,58,61,62]. ...
Gothic arch calcite, a specific crystallographic variety of calcite known from some hot springs and tufa streams, has been newly recognized in the Koněprusy Caves. The gothic-arch calcite occurs on the exteriors of exotic coralloid speleothems where it coexists with scalenohedral (dogtooth) spar crystals. The crystals exhibit microscopic ultrastructural features including deeply eroded topography, etch pits, and spiky and ribbon calcite crystallites, pointing to its extensive natural etching. Many gothic-arch calcites originated as late-stage, secondary overgrowths on older, etched dogtooth calcite crystals. Its characteristic outward curvature resulted from the recrystallization of etching-liberated fine carbonate grains and newly formed needle-fiber calcite laths, which were accumulated and bound on the faces and at the bases of corroded crystals. These intimately coexisting destructive and constructive processes of carbonate crystal corrosion and growth were probably mediated by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms. Fluid inclusions embedded in calcite crystals point to a vadose setting and temperatures below ~50 °C. This, combined with the wider geological context, indicates that the gothic arch calcite crystals originated only during the late Pleistocene to Holocene epochs, when the cave, initially eroded by hypogene fluids in the deeper subsurface, was uplifted to the subaerial setting and exposed to the meteoric waters seeping from the topographic surface. The radiocarbon analysis shows that gothic-arch calcite crystals are generally older than ~55,000 years, but the surface layers of some crystals still reveal a weak ¹⁴C activity, suggesting that microbiologically mediated alterations of the speleothems may have been occurring locally until now.
... In fact, the C sequestration function of phytoplankton is also related to phytoplankton species, such as diatoms and cyanobacteria. Diatoms composed of silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) rapidly sink to the water bed (Ardiles et al., 2012) while cyanobacteria form calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) sediment through biocalcification, which forms a C pool in freshwater sediment layers (Beltrán-Magos et al., 2013;Li et al., 2017b). ...
Inland water carbon (C) sequestration rates play a potentially important role in the balance between C supplies from the atmosphere and associated watersheds and the net demand of primary producers. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of influencing factors associated with inland water C cycling processes as well as their C sequestration potential and gross primary productivity (GPP). Additionally, we also analyze changes in the balance between C sequestration processes and GPP. Furthermore, this study describes applicable research methods used to quantify C cycling and GPP processes as well as providing corresponding estimates on regional and global scales. Finally, we offer a scientific basis to chronicle how inland water productivity controls exogenous C inputs as well as changes to biological, physical, and chemical factors. Investigations into inland water C sequestration processes under a background of climate warming will become more critical in the future, necessitating the inclusion of different aquatic system component classifications and plant species community types to determine the effects associated with GPP and C dynamic mechanisms within aquatic systems that constitute this diverse water system.
... La excepción a lo anterior ocurre con Homoeothrix juliana-Heteroleibleinia fontana, las cuales formaron costras en zonas abiertas con valores altos de PAR. Los iones presentes sobre las vainas de sus filamentos pueden ser un mecanismo de protección contra la luz ultravioleta (Beltrán-Magos et al., 2013). ...
Antecedentes y Objetivos:
Las cianobacterias son algas procariontes oxifotótrofas presentes en gran variedad de hábitats y son componentes importantes de las comunidades bentónicas en muchos ambientes continentales y marinos. En México su diversidad en ríos es poco conocida; por ello, este estudio contribuye al conocimiento ficoflorístico en cinco ríos de la región central de México. Se incluyen descripciones e ilustraciones, estimaciones de su diversidad, un análisis de las relaciones entre formas de crecimiento y factores microambientales, y se discute la validez de su caracterización morfológica y ecológica en la delimitación de las especies encontradas.
Métodos:
Se realizaron muestreos en secas y lluvias en dos ríos silíceos y tres ríos calcáreos del centro de México. Se registró la temperatura del agua, conductividad específica y pH, se analizaron iones mayores (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Si-SiO2, HCO3 ⁻, Cl⁻, SO4 ³⁻) y nutrientes (NH4 ⁺, NO2 ⁻, NO3 ²⁻, PO4 ³⁻), se estimó la diversidad de las cianobacterias registradas con el índice de Shannon-Weaver y se describieron sus hábitats y microhábitats. La identificación taxonómica se realizó utilizando literatura especializada.
Resultados clave:
Se identificaron cuatro asociaciones y nueve especies pertenecientes a tres órdenes, siete familias y siete géneros. Se distinguieron dos grupos: el formado por Nostoc parmelioides-Coleodesmium wrangelii y Phormidium lividum-Leptolyngbya truncata en ríos silíceos de montaña y el compuesto por Schizothrix mexicana-Phormidium subfuscum, Homoeothrix juliana-Heteroleibleinia fontana y Nostoc verrucosum en ríos calcáreos cálidos. Se reconocieron dos patrones de distribución ecológica: 1) las especies del orden Nostocales presentes en condiciones estresantes de luz y velocidad de corriente y 2) los taxa de los órdenes Oscillatoriales y Synechococcales registrados en sitios con valores promedio de luz y flujo de agua.
Conclusiones:
La caracterización morfológica y ecológica de especies de cianobacterias contribuye a su conocimiento ficoflorístico y es la base para futuras investigaciones sobre taxonomía, sistemática y uso sustentable de recursos algales.
... The biologically induced mineralization (BIM) occurs through various metabolic processes, such as photosynthetic uptake of CO 2 and/or HCO 3 by cyanobacteria, as well as ammonification, denitrification and sulfate reduction by other bacteria (Riding 2000;Beltrán-Magos et al. 2013). Especially for cyanobacteria, the following processes are known to contribute to the construction of carbonates: (a) increase of pH due to photosynthesis, (b) trap of CaCO 3 grains by entangled filaments, (c) biogenic activity of some cyanobacterial species (e.g., Rivularia haematites) to secrete carbonate structures and (d) binding of CaCO 3 grains in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). ...
... EPS constitute a protective and adhesive material that anchors cells, colonies and filaments to the substrate, favoring sediment trapping. EPS possess the ability to concentrate Ca 2? cations favouring calcium carbonate encrustation by providing an ideal surface for adsorption of ions and mineral nucleation (Braissant et al. 2003;Beltrán-Magos et al. 2013). Furthermore, it is known that minerals originated through BIM nucleate and grow both extracellularly and also intracellularly. ...
... Over the rim and on the steep outside wall of the terrace (dam), water flows in a thin sheet resulting in the increase of the flow velocity. Morphological classification schemes for travertine terrace have been proposed by several authors (Bargar 1978;Bates and Jackson 1987;Pentecost and Viles 1994;Fouke et al. 2000). Using the classification suggested by Bargar (1978) and Fouke et al. (2000) in Thermopylae ''microterracettes'' of a few square centimeters or less, with maxima height of dams up to 10 mm, were identified (Fig. 2c, d). ...
The present paper deals with the investigation of abiotic and biotic influence on thermogenic travertine formation in Thermopylae hot springs, one of the largest active thermogenic travertine systems in Greece. Geological, mineralogical and microbiological data from three different types of travertines (cascades, terraces and fluvial crusts) revealed different cyanobacterial communities. Microscopic analysis of fresh and cultured material has shown that epilithic and endolithic cyanobacteria are almost the exclusive components of travertines’ photosynthetic microflora. Thirty-one (31) taxa of cyanobacteria are presented here, among them the frequently found, in such environments, Phormidium incrustatum and Aphanocapsa thermalis, as well as the taxonomically interesting diazotrophic morphotype identified as Chlorogloeopsis sp. Sampling sites I and II have similar formation conditions characterized by laminated travertines with low porosity and shrub lithotypes, with the cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya ercegovicii occupying an endolithic zone, while the upper part is occupied by colonial chroococcalean species. On the contrary, sampling site III is characterized by laminated travertine with fenestrial type porosity and absence of shrub lithotypes resulting in a completely different community of cyanobacteria.
... The biologically induced mineralization (BIM) occurs through various metabolic processes, such as photosynthetic uptake of CO 2 and/or HCO 3 by cyanobacteria, as well as ammonification, denitrification and sulfate reduction by other bacteria (Riding 2000;Beltrán-Magos et al. 2013). Especially for cyanobacteria, the following processes are known to contribute to the construction of carbonates: (a) increase of pH due to photosynthesis, (b) trap of CaCO 3 grains by entangled filaments, (c) biogenic activity of some cyanobacterial species (e.g., Rivularia haematites) to secrete carbonate structures and (d) binding of CaCO 3 grains in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). ...
... EPS constitute a protective and adhesive material that anchors cells, colonies and filaments to the substrate, favoring sediment trapping. EPS possess the ability to concentrate Ca 2? cations favouring calcium carbonate encrustation by providing an ideal surface for adsorption of ions and mineral nucleation (Braissant et al. 2003;Beltrán-Magos et al. 2013). Furthermore, it is known that minerals originated through BIM nucleate and grow both extracellularly and also intracellularly. ...
... Over the rim and on the steep outside wall of the terrace (dam), water flows in a thin sheet resulting in the increase of the flow velocity. Morphological classification schemes for travertine terrace have been proposed by several authors (Bargar 1978;Bates and Jackson 1987;Pentecost and Viles 1994;Fouke et al. 2000). Using the classification suggested by Bargar (1978) and Fouke et al. (2000) in Thermopylae ''microterracettes'' of a few square centimeters or less, with maxima height of dams up to 10 mm, were identified (Fig. 2c, d). ...
... Overall, our results imply that the metabolic influence of psychrophilic diatoms may be particularly important for promoting formation and dissolution of travertine in extremely cold environments of Huanglong. The EPS of psychrophilic diatoms will protect travertine from HCO 3 − etching and provide template for forming travertine when water re-flowing, in warm season. ...
... Travertine is a form of carbonate deposit in mineral springs [1,2]. Evidence obtained from previous laboratory and field-based experiments suggests that bacteria (particularly, cyanobacteria), algae, fungi, and bryophytes play significant roles in carbonate deposition and contribute to the formation of microbial biofilms and mats [3][4][5][6]. In the geological record, microbial carbonates are found most extensively in marine, lacustrine, spring, cave, and soil environments [3], where microbial cells may participate in the process of carbonate deposition via cell surface interactions. ...
... Evidence obtained from previous laboratory and field-based experiments suggests that bacteria (particularly, cyanobacteria), algae, fungi, and bryophytes play significant roles in carbonate deposition and contribute to the formation of microbial biofilms and mats [3][4][5][6]. In the geological record, microbial carbonates are found most extensively in marine, lacustrine, spring, cave, and soil environments [3], where microbial cells may participate in the process of carbonate deposition via cell surface interactions. Deposition can also be mediated metabolically by the secretion of extracellular polysaccharide substances, also known as EPS, which act as preferential sites for nucleation and localized templates that force mineralization on the surface of the EPS matrix or as inhibitors of carbonate formation depending on intrinsic conditions [4,[7][8][9]. ...
Diatoms are a highly diversified group of algae that are widely distributed in aquatic ecosystems, and various species have different nutrient and temperature requirements for optimal growth. Here, we describe unusual psychrophilic diatoms of Cymbella in a travertine deposition environment in southwestern China in winter season. Travertine surfaces are colonized by these psychrophilic diatoms, which form biofilms of extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS) with active metabolic activities in extremely cold conditions. The travertine in Huanglong, is a typical single crystalline calcite with anisotropic lattice distortions of unit cell parameters along axes of a and c, and this structure is suggestive of some level of metabolic mediation on mineralization. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) results further confirmed the occurrence of biogenic distortion of the crystal lattice of travertine calcite. Overall, our results imply that the metabolic influence of psychrophilic diatoms may be particularly important for promoting formation and dissolution of travertine in extremely cold environments of Huanglong. The EPS of psychrophilic diatoms will protect travertine from HCO3- etching and provide template for forming travertine when water re-flowing, in warm season.
An important turning point in the Earth’s surface’s geochemical history may be seen with the appearance of cyanobacteria, which were widespread towards the end of the Pre-Cambrian. Marine cyanobacteria are not only an important source of atmospheric oxygen, but they are also prolific manufacturers of secondary metabolites, frequently in spite of having incredibly small genomes. These organisms create a wide variety of complex secondary metabolites, including pigments, fluorescent dyes, and physiologically active substances of particular interest to the pharmaceutical sector. A diverse phylum of nitrogen-fixing, photo-oxygenic bacteria with the ability to colonize a variety of settings is known as cyanobacteria. Aside from their primary function as diazotrophs, they also produce a large number of bioactive compounds, frequently as secondary metabolites, with a variety of biological and ecological activities that should be further studied. Of all the species that have been found, cyanobacteria are able to coexist in marine habitats in symbiotic partnerships with creatures like sponges, invertebrates. It has been shown that these symbioses significantly alter the physiology of cyanobacteria and cause the synthesis of bioactive chemicals that are typically not produced. In fact, an exchange of infochemicals causes metabolic alterations in cyanobacteria involved in symbiotic relationships and activates pathways that have been shut. Studies on drug discovery have shown that these compounds have intriguing biotechnological possibilities. This chapter reviews the importance of cyanobacteria in ocean and their economic importance, and future prospects.
Aquatic ecosystems overlying regions of limestone bedrock can feature active deposition of calcium carbonate in the form of travertine or tufa. Although most travertine deposits form a cement-like layer on stream substrates, mineral deposits can also form on benthic invertebrates. However, little is known about which taxa may be prone to calcium carbonate encrustation and which life history traits may make taxa more susceptible to becoming encrusted. Here we report the presence of calcium carbonate deposits on live insects collected from a montane stream in the Madrean Sky Islands (Huachuca Mountains) of Arizona between 2011 and 2013. Life history differences are examined between taxa with and without travertine deposits. Thirteen genera of aquatic insects were found with calcium carbonate deposits on the exoskeleton as well as 22 other genera, also encountered in the study stream, that have not previously been found with such deposits. Taxa with calcium carbonate encrustation had significantly longer-lived aquatic stages than those without encrustation. Furthermore, encrustation presence did not differ among aerial dispersal modes. These results suggest that the extent of calcium carbonate deposition on aquatic insects is primarily related to the length of time they are in the stream. Since mineral encrustation may reduce predation pressure and mobility, changes in patterns of travertine formation in these systems may have profound effects on ecological interactions.
