Figure 5 - available via license: CC BY-SA
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The mean sea level has been continuously increasing since the end of the 19th century and will continue to increase in the 21st century. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that the sea level will rise by 40-60 cm until 2100. This situation will lead to social and economic problems, especially in coastal areas. For this reas...
Context in source publication
Citations
... Moreover, the exchange of energy, of matter and moisture between these environmental spheres are the main mechanisms that govern the climate system. The global atmospheric and oceanic circulations are strongly interdependent and the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is the link between the two [1] Identifying understanding the causes of sea level change is important in global and regional climate change studies [2]. ...
... In August, the positive heat balance reaches its maximum in the Caspian Sea [2]. As can be seen from Figure 3 and Figure 5, in most areas of the North Caspian Sea, compared to July, the mean multiyear SST in August is almost unchanged, and even in some places slightly decreases by 0,5 °С. ...
In this article, we studied the upwelling phenomena observed in the surface waters of the Caspian Sea. Studying upwelling is crucial for understanding and managing the complex interactions between the ocean, climate, and marine life, with implications for both environmental conservation and human well-being. To accomplish this, we utilized data from MODIS-Aqua satellite observations in the infrared range of 11 microns. These observations had a spatial resolution of 4 km and covered the period from 2003 to 2021. The data was accessed through the NASA Giovanni online data system databases. Our findings indicate that upwelling phenomena are primarily observed in the eastern part of the Middle and South Caspian from May to September. The most intense upwelling occurs along the eastern coast of the Middle Caspian in July and August. Based on long-term averaged data, the upwelling phenomenon is typically observed between 40-44º latitude during this period. The width of the upwelling zone increases gradually from north to south, extending approximately 60-70 km towards the Kazakh Gulf before decreasing towards the south. In the upwelling zone, the temperature gradient can at times reach 4.0ºC per 100 km. In certain years, the upwelling zone that initially forms along the eastern coasts can extend over long distances and even reach the western coasts. Generally, the upwelling phenomenon occurs alongside the advection of warm waters from the South Caspian towards the Middle Caspian.
... It is customary to analyse the successive observations which are ordered chronologically, i. e., time series. There are two main aims of the time series analysis: (i) understanding the nature of the phenomena represented by the sequence of observations, and (ii) predicting the future from the observed time series variables [1][2][3]. ...
... The spectral analysis of any time series means that the hidden periodicities are determined in the data, particularly, the researchers investigate some phenomena in order to identify the physical processes that cause periodic behaviours. For this purpose, a variety of methods have been recently developed and inter-compared in the literature such as Fourier, singular spectrum, wavelet, and least-squares spectral analysis [3][4][5]. ...
The researchers investigate some phenomena by continuously observing physical variables, i.e., time series. Nowadays, the Least-Squares Spectral Analysis (LSSA) technique has been preferred for the analysis of time series to conduct more reliable analysis. This technique uses the least-squares principle to estimate the hidden periodicities in the time series. Based on the previous investigations, LSSA gives more reasonable results in the experimental time series that have disturbing effects such as the datum shifts, linear trend, unequally spaced data and etc. The LSSA method is a unique method that can overcome these problems without pre-processing the original series. However, a practical and user-friendly software package in C programming language is not available for scientific purposes to implement the LSSA method. In this paper, we review the computational scheme of the LSSA method, then a software (LSSASOFT) package in the C programming language is developed in the view of the simplicity of the method and compatibility of all types of data. Finally, LSSASOFT is applied in two sample studies for the determining hidden periods in the synthetic data and sea level observations. Consequently, the numerical results indicate that LSSASOFT is a useful tool that can efficiently predicting hidden periodicity for the experimental time series that have disturbing effects.
... Especially water resources and the agriculture sector are seriously affected by droughts. Drought; It is defined as a natural disaster with serious environmental, economic, and agricultural effects that occurs as a result of the precipitation recorded in a region falling significantly below the average recorded in the same region [1,2]. ...
Drought is the most complex of the recurrent extreme weather events and is defined as a natural disaster with severe environmental, economic, and agricultural impacts resulting from a significant decrease in the average rainfall recorded in an area and the average rainfall recorded in the same place. Droughts have become more frequent and severe in many parts of the world, including Turkey, due to global warming and climate change (increasing temperatures and changing precipitation patterns). Water resources and the agricultural sector are most severely affected by droughts. In this study, drought analyses of the Burdur Basin, located in the Aegean region, one of Turkey's seven geographical regions, were carried out. For drought analysis, General Directorate of Meteorology (MGM) 17238 Burdur and 17892 Tefenni meteorological observation stations (MGI), Annual average total precipitation, annual maximum temperature, annual minimum temperature, and annual average temperature data were used. Both meteorological and agricultural drought analyzes are included in the analysis of droughts. Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) methods were used to determine meteorological and agricultural drought, respectively. SPI and RDI values were obtained for 1-, 3-, 6- and 12-month time periods, and the severity, size, and distribution of dry and humid periods were determined for both stations separately. When the results of both methods were examined, severe droughts were observed in the study area in 1973, 1978, 1981, and 2017.
... The trend component has been computed using Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA), a non-parametric multivariate statistical method (Golyandina and Nekrutkin, 2001;Hassani, 2007;Golyandina and Zhigljavsky, 2013). SSA is a consolidated technique used to identify the main patterns of variability in a given set of observations and has been successfully applied in many contexts including climate series (Ghil and Vautard, 1991;Schoellhamer, 2001;Macias et al., 2014;Besȩl and Tanir Kayikci, 2020;Biriukova et al., 2021;Yi and Sneeuw, 2021). SSA extracts the minimum independent information by which the entire original dataset can be reconstructed. ...
Anomalous warming of the upper ocean is increasingly being observed in the Mediterranean Sea. Extreme events, known as marine heatwaves (MHWs), can have a profound impact on marine ecosystems, and their correct detection and characterization are crucial to define future impact scenarios. Here, we analyze MHWs observed over the last 41 years (1982–2022) in the Mediterranean sea surface temperatures (SSTs). We show that the intensification in frequency, intensity, and duration of Mediterranean MHWs in recent years is mainly due to a shift in SST mean that occurred in the last two decades and largely reduced when analyzing detrended SST data. Detrending thus allows the use of a fixed climatology without overestimating MHW properties over time and distinguishes long-term warming (i.e., trend) from transient and abrupt SST changes. Analogous results are also found over a shorter temporal period, by analyzing 13 years (2007–2020) of in situ data collected at different depths (5 to 40 m) at Columbretes Islands. Additionally, the in situ analysis reveals that atmospheric summer heatwaves could affect a layer of 10 m in depth. Lastly, a catalogue of the major Mediterranean MHWs that have occurred since 1982 is presented. This catalogue evidences an exceptionally long-lasting and intense MHW, starting in May 2022 and persisting, at least, until the end of the year, resulting in the event with the highest cumulative intensity just after the well-known 2003 MHW event.
... hourly) measurements of sea level during that period " as defined by [1]. Sea level rise has an important relationship to global and regional climate changes [2,3]. Climate changes and the accompanying global warming are considered important drivers of current research. ...
The statistical analysis of time series was adopted using the analysis of the data of tide gauge stations monthly and seasonally time scales over different periods and the period of 1986-2013 as well as the annual satellite altimetry datasets over the period 1993-2013. The standard ordinary univariate and bivariate linear regression methods as well as Pearson correlation parametric method have also been used. Precisely, the nonlinear trend formula of mean sea level at the Arabian Gulf and Arabian Sea has been constructed in this thesis, this formula could be used to simulate and to forecast the mean sea level at the study region.
This study examined how the effects of climate change may shape coastal and maritime tourism in the Black Sea region through a systematic literature review method. The research findings show that climate change will significantly affect the Black Sea's essential environmental variables, such as sea level, temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind. In particular, the annual average sea level increase of 2.5 mm and the expected total rise of 40-60 cm by the end of the century are expected to increase the risk of beach erosion on the Black Sea coast. It was evaluated that the increase in seawater temperature and air temperatures in the region may contribute to the extension of the tourism season; however, the decreasing precipitation and increasing humidity rates may negatively affect the comfort perception of tourists.
Drought appears to be one of the main natural factors contributing to the degradation of agricultural landscapes and economic frameworks. The occurrence of drought episodes becomes noticeable following a prolonged absence of precipitation; however, it is difficult to determine their onset, extent, and resolution. Therefore, the precise assessment of drought characteristics based on drought intensity, extent, duration, and geographic coverage presents significant complexities. In this scientific article, an effort is made to evaluate the meteorological situation of drought in the Ain Oussera Plain, which is located in Algeria, using two widely recognized drought indices, namely the precipitation index (SPI) and the precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The calculation of potential evapotranspiration (PET) required for SPEI evaluation was performed using the Thornthwaite methodology. Water deficiency was detected during the specified period, characterized by a decrease in precipitation levels associated with an increase in potential evapotranspiration rates. The calculation of the SPI and SPEI over durations of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months was carried out to examine the temporal fluctuations of different drought levels. The results of the analysis revealed that the years and 2021 were drought periods according to both indices on almost all temporal scales with a notable predominance of normal and moderate drought classifications. The study mainly reveals that the SPI and SPEI show a significant correlation at the same time scales used in this research. These findings highlight the consistency in detecting periods of severe drought using the SPI and SPEI indices.
İklim, bir bölge için uzun bir süre boyunca gözlemlenen meteorolojik olayların ortalamasını ve hava koşullarını ifade etmektedir. İklim konusunda uzman pek çok araştırmacı tarafından çeşitli sınıflandırmalar yapılmıştır. Bu sınıflandırmalarda temel hedef iklim türlerini tespit ederek araştırılan ortamların benzerliklerini belirlemektir. İklim özelliklerinin tespiti, iklim sınırlarının bilinmesine; bu durum da o yöredeki kaynakların sürdürülebilirliğine ve arazi kullanım planlarının hazırlanmasına katkı sağlamaktadır. Sürdürülebilir bölgesel kaynaklar ve doğrudan arazi kullanım planlarının sağlanması için farklı iklim türlerinin sınırlarının belirlenmesi esastır. Bu çalışmada, iklim kaynaklı sorunların önlenebilmesi amacıyla iklim sınırlarının belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla bu çalışmada, ileride yapılacak planlamalara altlık olması ve planlamalarda yararlanılabilmesi amaçlarıyla, Bartın ili (Amasra, Kurucaşile, Merkez İlçe ve Ulus) iklim sınır haritalarının oluşturulması esas alınmıştır. Bu nedenlerle Bartın ilinin ilçelerinde bulunan dört adet meteorolojik istasyona ait son otuz yıllık döneme ait ölçüm verileri ile Thornthwaite iklim sınıflama yöntemi kullanılarak her bir ilçe istasyonunun su bilançosu hesaplanmış, Thornthwaite, Trewartha, Erinç, De Martonne, Köppen ve Trewartha iklim sınıflama yöntemleri kullanılarak da iklim tipleri tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra konumla ilişkilendirilen veriler, Kriging enterpolasyon metodu uygulanarak Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) tabanlı iklim sınır haritaları üretilmiştir.
This study uncover the linear impact of both the Pacific El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on the mean sea level (MSL) in the coasts of the Arabian Gulf and the Arabian Sea in recent decades and identify the areas
Dünyada farklı iklim kuşakları olup Türkiye’nin coğrafi konumundan dolayı bunlardan bir kaçı ülkemizde görülmektedir. Ancak küresel ısınma nedeniyle iklim kuşaklarının bölgelerinde değişikliklerin olduğu tartışıla gelmiştir. İklim kuşağı haritasının hazırlanması, en az 30 yıllık veriler ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle iklim ve hava durumunun belirlenmesinde öncelikli işlem gözlem yapmaktır. Gözlem verileri için yeter sayıda ve uygun dağılımda nitelikli veri toplayan meteorolojik istasyonlara ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmada amaç, Mersin ili sınırları içerisindeki mevcut olan 34 tane Otomatik Meteoroloji Gözlem İstasyonu (OMGİ) incelenerek yeni kurulacak olan istasyonlar için en uygun yerleri seçmektir. Mersin ili, denizden sıfır metre yükseklik ile başlayıp yaklaşık üç bin metre yüksekliğe kadar çıkan bir topografik yapıya sahiptir. Bu yükseklik farkı; sıcaklık, basınç, nem, yağış, rüzgâr gibi iklim elemanlarının değişimine neden olmaktadır. Ancak iklim elemanlarını etkileyen konum, bitki örtüsü, denize uzaklığı gibi başka kriterler de bulunmaktadır. Yer seçimi konusu; iklim elemanları, arazi kullanımları ve mevcut istasyonlar olmak üzere üç ana başlık altında ele alınmıştır. Bu kriterlerin coğrafik verileri, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) yardımıyla düzenlenerek yakınlık analizi yapılmış ve puan verilmiştir. Aynı zamanda kriterlerin Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP) yöntemi ile ağırlıkları hesaplanmıştır. Coğrafi verilerin piksel değerleri ile ağırlıklar çarpılarak toplanmıştır. OMGİ yer seçimi haritası uygunluk derecesine göre elde edilmiş ve uygun olan alanlarda toplam 17 yeni meteorolojik istasyon noktası önerilmiştir.
