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Rates of Death from All Causes, All Cardiovascular Diseases, and Alcohol-Augmented Conditions from 1982 to 1991, According to Base-Line Alcohol Consumption. Alcohol-augmented conditions are cirrhosis and alcoholism, alcohol-related cancers, breast cancer in women, and injuries and other external causes. "Less than daily" alcohol consumption was defined as drinking three or more times per week but less than one drink per day. The numbers in parentheses are the standard errors of the rates of death from all causes.
Source publication
Alcohol consumption has both adverse and beneficial effects on survival. We examined the balance of these in a large prospective study of mortality among U.S. adults.
Of 490,000 men and women (mean age, 56 years; range, 30 to 104) who reported their alcohol and tobacco use in 1982, 46,000 died during nine years of follow-up. We compared cause-speci...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... death rates among subjects excluded from the analyses because of miss- ing data on alcohol consumption, whose mortality patterns were consistent with most but not all of them being nondrinkers, are not shown. Figure 1 illustrates how death rates from all alco- hol-augmented conditions (cirrhosis and alcohol- ism, alcohol-related cancers, breast cancer in wom- en, and external causes) compare, at various levels of drinking, with those from all cardiovascular diseases. Overall, cardiovascular causes accounted for 45 per- cent and 37 percent of all deaths among men and women, respectively, whereas the alcohol-augment- ed conditions accounted for 7 percent of all deaths among men and 15 percent among women. ...
Context 2
... rates of death from all causes were lowest among both men and women who reported one drink daily; the rates were about 20 percent below those of nondrinkers (Fig. 1). Above one drink per day, the overall death rate among drinkers increased, although the shape of the dose-response relation with alcohol consumption varied substantially in dif- ferent subgroups of the population. Table 5 illustrates how age and background risk of cardiovascular disease influence the relation be- tween drinking and ...
Context 3
... Figure 1, which includes people of all ages, with or without cardiovascular risk factors, the U-shaped relation between alcohol consumption and mortality from all causes represents the average dose-response relation in the study population. Although most of the 20 percent reduction in rates of death from all causes among daily drinkers was attributable to lower mortality from cardiovascular causes, other nonneoplastic conditions, which are classified with "other causes" of death in Tables 3 and 4, also con- tributed. ...
Citations
... Many risk factors can increase the risk of developing cancer in anyone. Certain modifiable factors, including obesity [27], physical inactivity [28], alcohol consumption [29,30], an unhealthy lifestyle and diet [31], and tobacco consumption [28], are associated with an increased risk of cancer. Further, specific chemical and radiation exposure and nonmodifiable factors, such as a family history of cancer and older age, are also linked to cancer. ...
Cancer is a public health concern and causes more than 8 million deaths annually. Cancer triggers include population growth, aging, and variations in the prevalence and distribution of the critical risk factors for cancer. Multiple hallmarks are involved in cancer, including cell proliferation, evading growth suppressors, activating invasion and metastasis, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, reprogramming energy metabolism, and evading immune destruction. Both cancer and dementia are age-related and potentially lethal, impacting survival. With increasing aging populations, cancer and dementia cause a burden on patients, family members, the health care system, and informal/formal caregivers. In the current article, we highlight cancer prevalence with a focus on different ethnic groups, ages, and genders. Our article covers risk factors and genetic causes associated with cancer and types of cancers and comorbidities. We extensively cover the impact of cancer in Hispanics in comparison to that in other ethnic groups. We also discuss the status of caregivers with cancer patients and urgent needs from the state and federal support for caregivers.
... Despite its popularity, alcohol consumption ranks as the third most important preventable cause of the disease (3), the fifth-leading risk factor for premature death and disability globally (4), and accounted for 5.1% of the global burden of disease expressed in DALYs (disability-adjusted life years) (1). Excessive alcohol consumption, referring to daily consumption of greater than three drinks (one drink is equivalent to 14 g of pure ethanol), is associated with increased risk of various diseases (5)(6)(7)(8)(9), cancers (10)(11)(12), and all-cause mortality (13). ...
... Moreover, some studies from recent years have indicated that low to moderate alcohol consumption, typically 2-3 drinks (approximately 28-42 g of ethanol) per day for men and 1-2 drinks (approximately 14-28 g of ethanol) per day for women, is associated with some beneficial health effects, such as lower risks for cardiovascular disease, dementia, and insulin resistance (18)(19)(20)(21). Moderate alcohol consumption is also associated with reduced all-cause mortality (6,10,13), and the association is often formed a J-shape relationship (10,13). Furthermore, some flavor compounds in alcoholic beverages, such as phenolic acids (in beers and wines), organic acids, esters, and terpenoids (22) (in baijiu), may also have additional impacts on health. ...
... Moreover, some studies from recent years have indicated that low to moderate alcohol consumption, typically 2-3 drinks (approximately 28-42 g of ethanol) per day for men and 1-2 drinks (approximately 14-28 g of ethanol) per day for women, is associated with some beneficial health effects, such as lower risks for cardiovascular disease, dementia, and insulin resistance (18)(19)(20)(21). Moderate alcohol consumption is also associated with reduced all-cause mortality (6,10,13), and the association is often formed a J-shape relationship (10,13). Furthermore, some flavor compounds in alcoholic beverages, such as phenolic acids (in beers and wines), organic acids, esters, and terpenoids (22) (in baijiu), may also have additional impacts on health. ...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease and its global incidence is estimated to be 24%. Beer, wine, and Chinese baijiu have been consumed worldwide including by the NAFLD population. A better understanding of the effects of these alcoholic beverages on NAFLD would potentially improve management of patients with NAFLD and reduce the risks for progression to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is evidence suggesting some positive effects, such as the antioxidative effects of bioactive flavor compounds in beer, wine, and baijiu. These effects could potentially counteract the oxidative stress caused by the metabolism of ethanol contained in the beverages. In the current review, the aim is to evaluate and discuss the current human-based and laboratory-based study evidence of effects on hepatic lipid metabolism and NAFLD from ingested ethanol, the polyphenols in beer and wine, and the bioactive flavor compounds in baijiu, and their potential mechanism. It is concluded that for the potential beneficial effects of wine and beer on NAFLD, inconsistence and contrasting data exist suggesting the need for further studies. There is insufficient baijiu specific human-based study for the effects on NAFLD. Although laboratory-based studies on baijiu showed the antioxidative effects of the bioactive flavor compounds on the liver, it remains elusive whether the antioxidative effect from the relatively low abundance of the bioactivate compounds could outweigh the oxidative stress and toxic effects from the ethanol component of the beverages.
... Many studies claim that dosage is a determinant factor in the possible nutritional and medicinal advantages of alcoholic beverage intakes. The dietary supply of several B vitamins, and minerals, such as selenium, carbohydrates and proteins, as well as polyphenols and yeast products, may promote cardioprotective effects [61][62][63], and reduce the risks of dementia [64,65] and other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease [66][67][68]. On the other hand, potential beneficial effects should be addressed with caution, considering that beer ingestion, especially when aged, is a potential dietary source of aldehydes, including acetaldehyde, which is potentially harmful to human health, as it is classified as carcinogenic group 1 compound by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [12,69]. ...
Aldehydes, particularly acetaldehyde, are carcinogenic molecules and their concentrations in foodstuffs should be controlled to avoid upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) and liver cancers. Highly reactive, acetaldehyde forms DNA and protein adducts, impairing physiological functions and leading to the development of pathological conditions. The consumption of aged beer, outside of the ethanol metabolism, exposes habitual drinkers to this carcinogen, whose concentrations can be over-increased due to post-brewing chemical and biochemical reactions. Storage-related changes are a challenge faced by the brewing industry, impacting volatile compound formation and triggering flavor instability. Aldehydes are among the volatile compounds formed during beer aging, recognized as off-flavor compounds. To track and understand aldehyde formation through multiple pathways during beer storage, consequent changes in flavor but particularly quality losses and harmful compound formation, this systematic review reunited data on volatile compound profiles through gas chromatography analyses from 2011 to 2021. Conditions to avoid flavor instability and successful methods for reducing beer staling, and consequent acetaldehyde accumulation, were raised by exploring the dynamic conversion between free and bound-state aldehydes. Future research should focus on implementing sensory analyses to investigate whether adding aldehyde-binding agents, e.g., cysteine and bisulfite, would contribute to consumer acceptance, restore beer flavor, and minimize acetaldehyde-related health damage.
... This risk increased especially in people abusing alcohol, but also in non-drinkers. There was a higher risk of falling ill and dying, mainly due to injuries, poisoning, suicide, liver cirrhosis, cancer and stroke observed in heavy drinkers [12][13][14][15]. This relationship was well-illustrated by the results of the American Cancer Prevention Study II, which evaluated drinking habits and other lifestyle-related factors in a group of nearly half a million American adults [12]. ...
... There was a higher risk of falling ill and dying, mainly due to injuries, poisoning, suicide, liver cirrhosis, cancer and stroke observed in heavy drinkers [12][13][14][15]. This relationship was well-illustrated by the results of the American Cancer Prevention Study II, which evaluated drinking habits and other lifestyle-related factors in a group of nearly half a million American adults [12]. At the same time, the causes of deaths in this group were analyzed during the next nine years of observation. ...
Excessive consumption of alcohol is not only a social problem, but it also significantly increases the morbidity and mortality rates of many societies. A correlation has been demonstrated between alcohol consumption and increased mortality from cancer, accidents and injuries, liver cirrhosis and other causes. Alcohol abuse increases the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke and the risk of ischemic stroke, induces serious arrhythmias, adversely affects blood pressure and damages the heart muscle. The dose and way of drinking alcohol play a crucial role in assessing whether this drink allows people to maintain health or whether it is a great health and social threat. The beneficial effects of low and moderate doses of alcohol on the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases have been shown in many population studies and meta-analyses in which the effect of U-shaped or J-shaped curves relating alcohol intake to cardiovascular mortality was observed, especially in ischemic heart disease. However, due to the fact that alcohol consumption is associated with many health hazards, it is not recommended to consume it as a preventive action of cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, recent studies suggest that association of low-to-moderate alcohol consumption with the reduction in cardiovascular risk is a result of lifestyle changes and that any reduction in alcohol consumption is in fact beneficial in terms of general health.
... Similar to AF, heavy alcohol consumption has been recognized as a risk factor for stroke in large cohort studies that were reported more than 40 years ago [230,231]. Since then, several studies have confirmed these results [232][233][234][235][236][237][238][239]. Several meta-analyses have reported reviews over the extensive literature regarding the association between alcohol and stroke and systemic thromboembolism [240][241][242][243]. ...
Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption are widespread exposures that are legal and socially accepted in many societies. Both have been widely recognized as important risk factors for diseases in all vital organ systems including cardiovascular diseases, and with clinical manifestations that are associated with atrial dysfunction, so-called atrial cardiomyopathy, especially atrial fibrillation and stroke. The pathogenesis of atrial cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, and stroke in context with smoking and alcohol consumption is complex and multifactorial, involving pathophysiological mechanisms, environmental, and societal aspects. This narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding alterations in the atrial myocardium that is associated with smoking and alcohol.
... Heavy drinkers have an increased risk of dying from liver cirrhosis [11] and there are a range of psychiatric disorders, particularly mood and anxiety disorders, associated with alcohol use [12]. Alcohol use has also been implicated in infectious diseases and poor health outcomes from such diseases. ...
Over the past several decades, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has nearly doubled, and alcohol has played a major role in the incidence of much of it. Alcohol has also been attributed in deaths due to infectious diseases, intentional and unintentional injuries, digestive diseases, and several other non-communicable diseases, including cancer.
The economic costs of alcohol-associated health outcomes are significant at the individual as well as the country level. Risks due to alcohol consumption increase for most cardiovascular diseases, including hypertensive heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation and flutter, and stroke. The widespread message for over 30 years has been to promote the myth that alcohol prolongs life, chiefly by reducing the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Lack of universal advice and stringent policy measures have contributed towards increased uptake and easy availability of alcohol. The WHO has called for a 10% relative reduction in the harmful use of alcohol between 2013–2025. However, lack of investment in proven alcohol control strategies, as well as persistence of misinformation and industry interference, have hindered the efforts of public health professionals to make sufficient progress in reducing alcohol related harms and death.
... Additionally, while physical activity is critical in preventing disease in elderly people [31], we found that physical performance declines with age. In addition, the abuse of substances (e.g., smoking and excessive alcohol consumption) has a lifetime cumulative effect because of addiction [12][17] and increases mortality in old age [19] [32]. Therefore, health education is recommended as a preventive intervention for residents starting at a young age. ...
Abstract Background Chronic disease is a major cause of mortality among elderly individuals in China, and treatment is a substantial public health burden. However, behavioural interventions may be more important than mere clinical treatment of these chronic diseases. Objective The paper aimed to assess the health behaviour of a sample of elderly individuals with chronic diseases in Jiangsu Province, China and to identify how demographic characteristics influence health behaviour. Furthermore, the group that would likely need the most health intervention was identified. Design A version of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II) was adapted to Chinese to evaluate health behaviours in six dimensions: nutrition, tobacco and alcohol use, physical activity, stress management, health responsibility, and spiritual growth. Multistage random sampling was conducted from October 2020 to May 2021. Questionnaires incorporating the adapted HPLP-II were distributed to 900 elderly patients (i.e., aged 60 and above) with chronic diseases in the three sampled prefectures of Jiangsu Province; of these questionnaires, 791 were completed. Univariate t tests, principal component analysis, and multivariate linear regressions were employed in the analysis. Results The average total score of respondents on health behaviour was 73.73. The dimensions (ordered from highest to lowest scores) are as follows: “nutrition”, “tobacco and alcohol use”, “health responsibility”, “spiritual growth”, “stress management”, and “physical activity”. The multivariate linear regression suggested that the determinants (P
... 2. Influence of Tobacco and Alcohol Use: An increased risk of aerodigestive malignancy post-transplant from tobacco and alcohol is described by many investigators [18,67,68], [32,69] Liu et al. [70] reported a SIR of 3.8 for head and neck cancers in a meta-analysis. Several epidemiological studies suggest that tobacco, in any form, is carcinogenic to the lungs, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and urological system [71][72][73]. For alcohol-related LTx, we found a SIR of 25.5 for oropharyngeal cancers and 3.7 for lung cancers, presuming a higher association with concomitant smoking. ...
Introduction
De Novo malignancy after liver transplantation (LTx) is the second most common cause of death in adult LTx recipients. The current report identifies differences in Standardized Incidence Ratios (SIR) for various non-lymphoid de novo malignancies by comparing and analyzing post LTx SIR for non-lymphoid de novo malignancies.
Material and methods
A thorough search of PubMed and Web of Science databases was conducted; 25 publications describing de novo malignancies post-LTx with SIR were identified.
Results
Overall SIR varied from 1.4 to 11.6 (median 2.4). Oropharyngeal/larynx (OPL), lung, colo-rectal, and kidney malignancies were more prevalent with higher SIR (median = 4.4, 1.9, 2.67, 2.5, respectively). Breast and prostate malignancies were also more prevalent with lower SIR (median = 0.9, 1.0, respectively). Pancreatic, central nervous system (CNS), melanoma, rare cancers and Kaposi's sarcoma were less prevalent (except in Italy and Sweden) but had much higher SIR (median = 2.6, 2.4, 2.02, 22.5 and 53.6, respectively). The overall higher SIR values are related to the age of the recipient, length of follow-up, the grouping of different organ systems, inclusion or exclusion of epidermal non-malacotic skin cancers, lymphoid malignancy, and occurrence of rare malignancies including Kaposi's sarcoma.
Conclusion
OPL, lung, gastrointestinal, kidney, and bladder malignancies were more prevalent with higher SIR. Breast and prostate cancers were more prevalent with lower SIR. Pancreatic, CNS, melanoma, rare cancers and Kaposi's sarcoma were less prevalent with higher SIR. Age of the recipients, length of follow-up, and rare cancer types influence overall SIR values with some global differences.
... The two studies on all-cause mortality (Kim et al., 2019;Di Castelnuovo et al., 2021) show a small risk reduction associated with light (<12.5 g alcohol/day) drinking consistent with older studies on the topic both in prospective studies (Thun et al., 1997) and reviews (Jayasekara et al., 2014). The resulting J-shaped curve describing the association between alcohol drinking and all-cause mortality has been criticized for many decades. ...
Aims
There is limited research comparing light to moderate wine, beer and spirits consumption and their impact on long-term health. This systematic review aims to investigate the studies published in the past 10 years and qualitatively assess the similarities and differences between the three main beverages, when consumed at a low to moderate level, for their associations with various health outcomes.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted for comparative studies published in English language (2010 to mid-2021) of beverage-specific low to moderate alcohol consumption associated with all-cause mortality, cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus type II.
Results
The search yielded a total of 24 studies (8 meta-analyses; 15 prospective studies and 1 pooled analysis). Overall, most studies showed similar associations of different alcoholic beverages with chronic conditions, including all-cause mortality, many types of cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus type II. Not all data are consistent. Some studies show more beneficial or detrimental effects of wine than other beverage types, whereas other studies show such effects for other beverages.
Conclusion
Moderate consumption of one specific alcoholic beverage (wine, beer or spirits) may not be consistently associated with higher or lower risks for common health outcomes as compared with moderate consumption of any of the other alcoholic beverages.
... Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of cancer in the UK and is linked to the development of multiple different forms of cancer including lung, oropharyngeal and bladder cancer (White et al., 2014). Other modifiable risk factors for cancer development include alcohol consumption (Thun et al., 1997), the presence of chronic health conditions (many of which are associated with advancing age, such as diabetes) (Epping-Jordan et al., 2005), obesity (Calle et al., 2003), excessive sun exposure (C. J. Stein & Colditz, 2004), infections such as HIV, hepatitis and HPV (Murthy & Mathew, 2004), and occupational and environmental factors, such as asbestos (Stewart & Wild, 2014). ...
Purpose: Pathological and age-related declines in both physical fitness and muscle function are well established; however, the role mitochondrial function plays in these changes is less understood. With low skeletal muscle mass and function associated with poorer surgical outcomes, treatments and interventions that can limit the decrease in muscle mass and function seen in the elderly, known as sarcopenia, and in those with cancer, known as cancer cachexia, is vital. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the impact of sarcopenia on overall and disease-free survival in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. In addition, young and older healthy volunteers were recruited to determine links between advancing age and declines in global physical fitness and muscle function, as well as investigate if similar declines in mitochondrial function occur. Results: Our systematic review and meta-analysis established that pre-existing sarcopenia was associated with shorter overall and disease-free survival in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Within our healthy volunteer cohort, age significantly impacted global physical function (HGS, 1-RM and VO2max) and measures of muscle architecture, with reduced status in older adults. Conversely, mitochondrial function was not different between the age-groups. Conclusions: There is clearly an age-related decline in global physical fitness and muscle function, however it remains unknown to what degree mitochondrial function is implicated in these changes. With sarcopenia and cachexia both having a negative impact on various prognostic outcomes, interventions such as exercise training regimes show promising results in improving cardiovascular fitness and muscle mass/ function in both elderly and cancer patients undergoing surgery. Despite this, if or how these interventions may modify any mitochondrial dysfunction that may exist, especially in cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant treatment prior to surgery is wholly unknown. More research is required to understand the complex relationship between mitochondrial function and the changes seen in the skeletal muscle of both the elderly and cancer patients.
