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![Table 3 . Average fuelwood density of Nigerian vegetation [34]-[39].](publication/323636193/figure/tbl3/AS:631589893599244@1527594173189/Average-fuelwood-density-of-Nigerian-vegetation-34-39_Q320.jpg)
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... A report by the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF) says that Nigeria lost almost all of its original forest due to deforestation, which is relatively attributed to the use of fuel wood and charcoal for energy generation (Mong et al. 2023). Most rural communities (about 70% of people in Nigeria) and farmers greatly depend on fuel wood for their domestic and other commercial activities that require heat (Mohammed et al. 2018). The need for energy in Nigeria is aggravated by the over dependence on traditional energy sources like firewood and fossil fuels, which are increasingly unsustainable and environmentally harmful (Jume et al. 2024). ...
This study was conducted to examine the utilization of sawdust and wheat offal hybrid for the production of briquettes for sustainable livelihood. The feedstocks (Sawdust [SD] and Wheat offal [WO]) were collected, dried to 12% moisture content and milled for size homogeneity. SD and WO were mixed at different ratios and used for briquette production (SD-100:0, MIX1-75:25, MIX2-50:50, MIX3-25:75, and WO-0:100). The mixture was fed into a 5-ton hydraulic jack briquetting machine at pressure of 2.4 MPa. All the parameters determined were carried out using ASTM Standard procedures except for Stability and Porosity index. Both physical and combustion properties were statistically analyzed using ANOVA at 95% confidence level. The result of the physical properties of briquettes shows that MIX2 produced using 30% binder recorded highest density (500.97 kg/m 3) and lowest density in SD (402.04 kg/m 3). It was observed that SD produced at a 30% binder level had the lowest moisture content (5.22%), while SD produced at 20% binder level had moisture content of 5.22%. The result further shows that MIX2 produced at 30% binder level had lowest (50.6%) porosity index and highest (70.32%) in WO at 20% binder level. The result of the stability of briquettes shows that stability of briquettes at a 30% binder level was found to be more linear and stable compared to the 20% binder level. Shatter index of MIX2 at 30% binder level gave higher shatter index (97.72%) compared to 90.39% obtained at 20% binder level. Combustion properties shows that WO at 30% binder have highest volatile matter 27.00%. On the other hand, SD had the lowest ash content of 5.5% and highest calorific value of 34.54 MJ/kg 1 at 20% binder level. This is an indication that binder level and biomass type influenced the properties of briquettes.
... Sa'ad and Bugaje [4] have attributed this high demand for wood and wood waste to occurrence of energy poverty in Nigeria. Most rural dwellers (about 70% of people in Nigeria) and almost all farmers heavily depend on fuel wood for all their domestic and other commercial activities that require heat [5]. The attraction for biomass briquettes has been premised on its ease of production; sustainable supply advantages; and environmental benefits (minimum environmental pollution). ...
This study investigated the quality of biomass fuel briquettes; a Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) made from bio-wastes generated from a local farm produce market in Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria, known as Umuokomoche daily market. The wastes were mainly waste groceries; vegetable stems, leaves, fruits, plantain peels and stems, yam and potato peels, corn hob and all sorts of discarded food / agro materials which constitute over 70% of the total Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) generated by the community. The study involved the design, fabrication and installation of a piston-type, hydraulic powered pedal operated Biomass Briquetting Machine. The briquettes produced were tested, in order to ascertain their quality as Refuse Derived Fuels (RDF). The biomass wastes generated were initially gathered, sun dried and carbonized through pyrolysis in a kiln. The biochar was then crushed and mixed with a 20% starch bond and finally fed to the machine as feedstock. The products (briquettes) recorded satisfactory combustion outcomes when tested. The preliminary results showed a calorific value of 4900Kcal/Kg which is adequate as a reliable and alternative energy source for domestic and industrial applications. Other parameters tested are; fixed carbon at 32%, Volatile matter at 44%, Moisture at 5% and are Ash content at 5.02%. A bulk density of 580 kg/m3 and a Compressive ratio of 1:2.5 were also recorded. Both results confirm the handling ability and ease of transportation of the briquettes. Therefore the briquettes are of good quality and reliable as an alternative energy source for domestic and industrial applications.
... The rate of tree cover loss per annum in Nigeria stands at 99,200 hectares as at year 2020 [5]. The rate of national fuel wood consumption stands at 88.43 mt/day [6]. Agriculture accounts for 23 % of Nigeria's gross domestic product (GDP), with maize, cassava, guinea corn, yam, sorghum, palm oil, palm kernel oil and soybean meal, but to name a few, as must cultivated crops. ...
In this study, characterization of agricultural waste (oil palm empty fruit bunch, coconut shell and cassava peel) was done before and after carbonization. Briquettes were produced from the carbonized OPEFB and CS blends with CP as binder. Muffle furnace was used for the carbonization of both biomass; CS was carbonized at 7000C at 60 minutes residence time and OPEFB was carbonized at 4000C at 30 minutes residence time. Proximate analysis showed that raw OPEFB and CS had volatile matter of 70.89 and 63.76wt% which indicates easy ignition but high burning rate. They had low fixed carbon of 18.13 and 17.60wt% for OPEFB and CS respectively which accounted for their low calorific value of 19.61 and 20.70 MJ/kg respectively. Ultimate analysis showed insignificant nitrogen and sulfur content from both biomass. The carbonized OPEFB and CS showed improved Calorific value of 28.38 and 27.91 MJ/kg respectively. This was as a result of devolatilization of the biomass with enrichment of carbon from 45.04 to 69.28wt% for OPEFB and 48.02 to 75.50wt% for CS. The briquettes formed had a mean calorific value, compressive strength, burning rate and density of 27.40 MJ/kg, 2.138 N/mm2, 1.110 g/min and 912.26 kg/m3respectively. With these performance indicators, these selected agricultural wastes biomass could be helpful for production of fuel alternatives for domestic heating in developing and underdeveloped countries that produce such waste.
... Nigeria's tree cover loss per annum was recorded at 99,200 hectares as at year 2020 (Rainforest Mongabay, 2022). The national fuel wood consumptions rate stands at 88.43 mt/day and the per capita consumption stands at 0.465 t/cap (Hussaini et al., 2018). Despite the rural settlements generating large amount of agricultural waste, they still depend heavily on wood and charcoal for cooking energy. ...
In this study, briquettes were prepared from agricultural waste (coconut shell and oil palm empty fruit bunch) using cassava peels as binder. Central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the effect of independent variables (binder amount, compaction force, and proportion of empty fruit bunch) on response variables (calorific value, compressive strength, burn rate and density). Conventional heating was adopted for the carbonization of both products: with coconut shell carbonized at 700 ⁰ C at 60 minutes residence time while OPEFB was carbonized at 400 ⁰ C at 30 minutes residence time. RSM analysis reveals that experimental results were best fitted into quadratic polynomial models. Optimized preparation conditions were compaction force 9kN, binder amount 50g and EFB:CS 80 % for 27.6151 MJ/kg calorific value, 2.85614 MPa compressive strength, 01.04378 g/min burning rate and 877.889 kg/m ³ density. These results were validated and found to be calorific value 27.97 MJ/kg, compressive strength 2.819 MPa, burning rate 1.025 g/min and density 896.32 kg/m ³ which justifies the predicted results. This study will be helpful for production of fuel alternatives for domestic uses in developing and underdeveloped countries.
Owing to the increasing concern of environmental pollution resulting from the combustion of fuels for energy supply, this study examines the rates of diverse air emissions originating from residential, commercial, and public buildings in the Maiduguri metropolis, located in Borno state, Nigeria. The primary energy sources employed in Maiduguri buildings include firewood, charcoal, kerosene, and natural gas for cooking/heating, as well as petrol and diesel for electricity generation. To gather data on energy consumption rates, comprehensive door-to-door interviews were conducted, involving a number of sample buildings. The paper utilizes rates of fuel consumption and emissions factors extracted from relevant literature to estimate the rates of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter within the city. The findings reveal that the daily emissions rates of various pollutants, including CO2, NH4, N2O, SO2, NOx, NMVOC, CO, NH3, and PM, are as follows: 86,885 t/day, 296 t/day, 9 t/day, 2 t/day, 8 t/day, 58 t/day, 595 t/day, 0.03 t/day, and 63 t/day, respectively. The cumulative greenhouse gas emissions stand at 96 ktCO2e/day. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that a substantial shift to natural gas in the domestic sector could lead to a significant positive impact on emissions reduction.
The global demand for energy is booming day by day and yet the energy is required to be clean due to the strict environmental regulations. The current carbon-based economy primarily relies on energy extracted from fossil fuels. However, burning fossil fuels results in the emission of greenhouse gases and other pollutants that are deadly to the environment. The hydrogen economy is proposed as an alternative to fossil fuels, considering the high energy density by weight of hydrogen as well as its environmentally friendly nature. This modern economy depends on green hydrogen as commercial fuel and it is considered the vital energy conversion and storage strategy to fully exploit the benefits of renewable and sustainable energy resources, for example, solar and wind energies. Hydrogen energy-related technologies (production, storage, conversion, etc.) present new research frontiers. Moreover, hydrogen combined with fuel cells provides essential energy solutions for the 21st century. Fuel cells utilize hydrogen gaseous fuel to generate electricity via an electrochemical process that provides much higher efficiencies and zero pollutant output than the conventional energy conversion technologies, for example, an internal combustion engine. In addition, the reversible fuel cells utilizing renewable energies provide the most efficient water electrolysis and they are being rapidly developed for green hydrogen production. Thus, hydrogen and fuel cells present promising potential for replacing conventional energy conversion systems with clean energy systems. This chapter briefly reviews the current research status of the hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for a viable supply and storage of clean and economical energy. The various challenges hampering the massive commercialization of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies are also identified and discussed. In addition, the market and policy trends regarding hydrogen and fuel cells are discussed.
