Rate of change of deforested area (DAr) during 2000-2022 in natural protected areas (NPAs), their surrounding areas (Buffer), ecoregions, and the Peruvian Amazon Forest (PAF), and values of the standardized and binary effectiveness index (EI) for each NPA.

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... forests were lost, and the DA increased to 10.88 % (85,168.99 km 2 ) in 2022, at an annual rate of change (DAr) of 0.1696 %. This DAr was higher than the DAr of 93 % of NPAs analyzed, while it was exceeded by the DAr of three NPAs: BP04 'San Matías-San Carlos Protected Forest', BP06 'Alto Mayo Protected Forest' and RC01 'Yanesha Communal Reserve' (Fig. 3) In the surrounding areas (buffers) of the NPAs, the average DAr was 0.1699 %, with a minimum of 0.0014 % (corresponding to PN13) and a maximum of 0.6521 % (corresponding to RN09). The DAr of the PAF territory (0.1696 %) was exceeded by the surrounding areas of 15 NPAs (Fig. 3). The NPAs presented lower DAr than in their respective ...

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... BP06 'Alto Mayo Protected Forest' and RC01 'Yanesha Communal Reserve' (Fig. 3) In the surrounding areas (buffers) of the NPAs, the average DAr was 0.1699 %, with a minimum of 0.0014 % (corresponding to PN13) and a maximum of 0.6521 % (corresponding to RN09). The DAr of the PAF territory (0.1696 %) was exceeded by the surrounding areas of 15 NPAs (Fig. 3). The NPAs presented lower DAr than in their respective surrounding areas, except for RC08 'Chayu Nain Communal Reserve', which presented an DAr 0.0015 % higher than in its surrounding area. The NPAs presented lower DAr than in their respective ecoregions, except for ACR06 'Imiría Regional Conservation Area', which presented an DAr ...

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... National Sanctuary' (15.70 ha/year) and RC02 (520.80 ha/year). PN02 had a medium DA% (between 10 and 25 %) while presenting a high DAr. The NPA with a high DA% (between 25 and 50 %) and high DAr was ACR06. It was observed that NPAs classified in the groups with high DAr tended to have higher rates than their respective surrounding areas (Fig. ...

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... the 41 NPAs analyzed, 9 NPAs (22 %) were non-effective, 31 NPAs (76 %) were moderately-effective and only one NPA was effective (PN09 'Cordillera Azul National Park', Fig. 3). The total box and whisker (n = 41) show that the average EI was 3.127, 50 % of NPAs obtained EI between 3.042-3.423, the minimum EI was 0.591 from ACR06 and the maximum EI was 4.502 from NP09 (Fig. 5) The two BPs evaluated (BP04 and BP06, EI≤1.857) were non-effective. ACR06 (EI=0.591, non-effective) influences the low mean of the ...

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... change to a standardized approach in the calculation of EI influenced the results, as three parameters were adjusted from a binary to a continuous scale (Figs. 3 and 7a). The standardized EI (mean=3.127, median=3.249, SD=0.659) showed lower values compared to the binary EI (mean=4.559, median=4.782, SD=0.689), while the binary EI also appeared more tightly clustered. Both indices maintained a strong and statistically significant correlation (r = 0.836, p < 0.001) (Fig. 7d-e). In the binary approach, ...

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... EI also appeared more tightly clustered. Both indices maintained a strong and statistically significant correlation (r = 0.836, p < 0.001) (Fig. 7d-e). In the binary approach, five of the non-effective NPAs from the standardized approach (PN06, RN10, SN08, SN09 and ZR11) were effective, and 30 of the 31 moderately-effective NPAs were effective (Figs. 3 and ...