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... errors in parentheses. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1 Note: All the variables used for the regression models are in log-linear form except SC population, ST population, and Wealth Table 3 shows that the coefficients of patrilocality remain statistically significant at 1% across all models. Model 1 shows a unit rise in patrilocality variable causing a fall in SRB by at least 17 units, i.e., a fall of 17 girls per 1000 boys. ...Similar publications
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... Almost twothirds of the women reported the expectation of financial support from their sons, whereas 3% expected financial support only from their daughters. Considering that India is largely a patriarchal and patrilocal society, expecting financial support from a son was considered an indicator of filial expectation in this study (Chakravorty et al., 2021;Goli et al., 2024). ...
This study investigates the relationship between ‘household headship and filial expectations’ and ‘risk of mortality’ for widowed women aged 45 years and above in India. The study used the India Human Development Survey (IHDS), a nationally representative longitudinal survey. The results indicate no excess mortality risk for widows compared to married women, where widows or their sons were household heads. On the other hand, when the widows were in households headed by others (viz. brothers, sons-in-law, grandsons, and extended family members), widows had a heightened mortality risk compared to married women. Further, the analysis suggests that despite heading households if widows expected financial support from their sons, they had higher mortality than widows who did not expect financial support from their sons. The main results hold in multiple robustness checks. First, even after adjusting for the endogeneity between household headship and economic status using the instrument variable (IV) regression model, the results indicate that older widows in households headed by themselves had almost a 30% increased mortality risk compared to the rest of the widows. Second, the heterogeneity analysis suggests that household headship was linked with increased odds of mortality in widows if they were heading the household and did have financial expectations from their sons, particularly if they belonged to poor households and living in rural India. Given that the share of widows in the total older population is expected to rise considerably in the future, the findings assume importance for both policy and practice.
... Although patrilocality has received some attention in the academic literature (e.g., Ebenstein, 2014;Goli, et. al., 2022;Gruijters, and Ermisch, 2018;Khalil & Mookerjee, 2019;Landmann et al., 2017;Seabright, et al. 2022) research focused on understanding these patterns-especially in the context of immigration-and the key influencing variables is relatively scarce. Against this background, this research note adopts a cross-national, intergenerational approa ...
Objective: This paper examines patrilocality among Indian women in India, first-generation Indian immigrant women, and second-generation Indian women in Canada, the US, and the UK, analyzing the impact of age, education, and employment on post-marital co-residence patterns. Background: Patrilocality is associated with women's dependence and subordination in societies where it is prevalent. This paper investigates the incidence of patrilocality in the parent population and in three major destination countries for Indian immigrants (where it is uncommon), exploring the implications for gender dynamics. Method: The study presents a comparative descriptive analysis and examines the relationship between post-marital co-residence patterns and demographic variables of age, educational attainment, and employment status, using binary logistic regression. The sample includes Indian women in India (IPUMS, 2009), first-generation Indian immigrant women and second-generation Indian women in Canada (IPUMS, 2011) and US (IPUMS, 2015), and UK (UKLFS, 2008 to 2012). Results: Across all groups, women are more likely to live with their husbands’ parents rather than their own (patrilocality). Patrilocality decreases with age, varies with education across countries and generations, and is consistently lower among employed women. Conclusion: The findings highlight the persistence of patrilocal traditions in both India and the Indian diaspora, emphasizing the need to understand cultural norms, socioeconomic factors, and policy implications to advance gender equity.
... Historically, patrilocality and son preference have been linked with women's subordinate role in society leading to preference for sons and discrimination against daughters (Goli, Arora, and Jain, 2022). This discrimination often leads to hypergamous unions, which in turn are linked to gender inequality and the subordination of women in Indian society. ...
This research combines three studies analyzing son preference, educational assortative mating patterns, and intergenerational co-residence patterns among Indian immigrant families in the United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, and Spain, using IPUMS datasets and United Kingdom labor force data (UKLFS). The results of Study 1 suggest that lower educational attainment is associated with a stronger tendency to favor sons among the Indian immigrant groups studied in the USA, Canada, and Spain. The findings of Study 2 indicate that Indian male immigrants in the USA and Canada tend to marry hypogamously, use their "immigration status" to attract more educated female partners from their home country, while this is not the case in Spain. Finally, the results of Study 3 suggest that in all four countries (USA, Canada, UK and India); age, education level and occupation significantly impact patrilocal residence. The findings provide insight into some of the key patriarchal cultural norms and practices of the Indian population both in India and abroad, and highlight the importance of education and economic autonomy in promoting gender equity and empowerment among immigrant populations.
Keywords: Indian immigrants, son preference, educational assortative mating, post-marital co-residency patterns, patrilocal residence, matrilocal residence, cultural norms, gender roles.
... Historically, patrilocality and son preference have been linked with women's subordinate role in society leading to preference for sons and discrimination against daughters (Goli, Arora, and Jain, 2022). This discrimination often leads to hypergamous unions, which in turn are linked to gender inequality and the subordination of women in Indian society. ...
This research combines three studies analyzing son preference, educational assortative mating patterns, and intergenerational co-residence patterns among Indian immigrant families in the United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, and Spain, using IPUMS datasets and United Kingdom labor force data (UKLFS). The results of Study 1 suggest that lower educational attainment is associated with a stronger tendency to favor sons among the Indian immigrant groups studied in the USA, Canada, and Spain. The findings of Study 2 indicate that Indian male immigrants in the USA and Canada tend to marry hypogamously, use their "immigration status" to attract more educated female partners from their home country, while this is not the case in Spain. Finally, the results of Study 3 suggest that in all four countries (USA, Canada, UK and India); age, education level and occupation significantly impact patrilocal residence. The findings provide insight into some of the key patriarchal cultural norms and practices of the Indian population both in India and abroad, and highlight the importance of education and economic autonomy in promoting gender equity and empowerment among immigrant populations.
... Participants reported a total of 569 children, 306 (58.8%) sons, and 263 (46.2%) daughters, which is similar to the skewed percentages noted nationally according to 2019 United Nations data, despite being in South India where gender equity is thought to be better. [51][52][53] The distress pertaining to reproductive expectations and/or challenges is evident in both the qualitative and quantitative data, which also aligned with previous studies reported on in the literature. 8,14,31,54 India is a vast country of richly varied people, culture, and environments. ...
Purpose
To explore women’s mental health in India’s rapidly changing society.
Participants and Methods
A convenience sample of low-income women (N = 286) in a medium-sized city in South-India participated in a mixed-methods, exploratory study in 2022. Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was received from Loma Linda University in the US, and Christian Medical College-Vellore in India, in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki, prior to data collection. All study materials were forward and back translated for Tamil, the local language. Phase 1(n = 25) involved audio recorded key-informant interviews and focus groups. Verbatim transcripts were inductively coded, and emerging themes identified. Phase 2 (n = 261) entailed a quantitative survey including demographics, health history, and validated scales measuring mental health symptoms, coping strategies, social support, living situation, and life satisfaction. Data collectors were gender and language matched, research trained, community health nurses.
Results
Qualitative themes included: 1) benefits of living in the city, 2) double duty for women doing household work and paid work, 3) challenges of living in the urban environment, 4) advantages of living in the village, 5) struggles associated with village life. Quantitative results: the average Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (HSCL) score of 1.82 (SD = 0.70) exceeded the 1.65 cut-off score for anxiety and depression symptomology. Among participants with elevated HSCL scores (n = 129) the average was markedly elevated (M = 2.39, SD = 0.56). These women were more likely to rely on wishful thinking, religious coping, and reported more post-migration living difficulties, less social support, and less satisfaction with life. Regression analysis further explored variables associated with participant HSCL scores.
Conclusion
In this sample of low-income urban-dwelling women depression and anxiety symptomology was elevated. Given the limited mental health workforce and cultural stigmatization of mental health issues, further attention is required.
Post-marital residence norms govern where a married couple resides after marriage: with the husband’s family, the wife’s family, or independently. We study whether these arrangements affect female autonomy and domestic violence outcomes in four Southeast Asian countries—Indonesia, Philippines, Cambodia, and Myanmar—where a sizable proportion of the population practices each type of marital residence. Compared to independently residing families within the same province-country, married women residing with the husband’s family have worse autonomy outcomes, whereas those residing with members of their own natal families fare substantially better. This aligns well with an anthropological understanding of how gendered patterns of influence in a social system might potentially interact with female empowerment. On the other hand, we observe that married women in both types of non-independent households suffer from less frequent domestic abuse compared to women residing independently, likely due to a deterrence effect from the presence of other family members.
