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Wind-driven rain is one of the main sources of damage to building interior and contents during hurricane landfall. Recently, vulnerability models for hurricane induced total building interior damage (damage to building interior components, utilities, and contents) have been widely developed for prediction of property loss in relation to determinati...
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... (1.0 in/hr). Once the target wind-driven rain rate and wind speed relationship was developed for the specified target RSD, the RSD was simulated in the experimental setup by manipulating the spray rate and the flow pressure using different types of spray nozzles. The simulation result was compared to the target RSD at various target wind speeds. Fig. 3 demonstrates the RSD simulation result at a simulated wind speed of 20 m/s (45 mph) and target wind-driven rain rate of 89 mm/hr (3.5 in/hr). The simulation was conducted at length scale of 1:4 and a velocity scale of 1:2. Detailed studies of wind-driven rain parameters at various simulation scales and scaling similarity requirements ...
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... rain rate of 89 mm/hr (3.5 in/hr). The simulation was conducted at length scale of 1:4 and a velocity scale of 1:2. Detailed studies of wind-driven rain parameters at various simulation scales and scaling similarity requirements have been presented by Baheru et al (2012) and Inculet (2001). It is worth to mention that in the RSD simulation (Fig. 3), the number counts of larger size drops (drop diameter greater than 1.0mm) were rejected because of two reasons: i) It is unlikely for a nozzle with median-volume diameter of 0.218 -0.349 mm to produce a drop size larger than 1.0 mm given that the volume contribution increases with drop diameter to the third power, and, ii) The ...
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... is worth to mention that in the RSD simulation ( Fig. 3), the number counts of larger size drops (drop diameter greater than 1.0mm) were rejected because of two reasons: i) It is unlikely for a nozzle with median-volume diameter of 0.218 – 0.349 mm to produce a drop size larger than 1.0 mm given that the volume contribution increases with drop diameter to the third power, and, ii) The cumulative total volume of water from all nozzles based on the PIP drop number count was found to be much larger than the expected value obtained from flow rate and pressure calculations The development of test based data for wind-driven rain intrusion through building envelopes was conducted on building models with three different types of roof: gable, flat, and hip roof buildings. The building models were built with a length scale of 1:4 and model-scale dimensions of 1.5 m wide 2.3 m long and 0.9 m mean roof height. The model scale was selected based on the Wall of Wind flow field, considering a maximum blockage of 8%. Most of the tests were conducted with a mean wind speed of 26.8m/s (60 mph) measured at the buildings’ mean roof height. Three wind directions were considered: 0°, 45°, and 90°, which covered all the possible 45° wind directions taking the advantage of building model symmetry. A total of 38 tests were conducted on the three building models, collecting either direct impinging rain or surface runoff. Table 1 summarizes the test protocol. The direct impinging rainwater on gable roof building was measured for RAF at three different wind speeds keeping the same wind direction to test the hypothesis that the RAF value at a given location on a building façade is independent of the wind speed. The measurements were conducted at a wind-driven rain rate of 330.2 mm/hr (13.0 in/hr) except for the RAF study at different wind speeds. At lower wind speeds the wind-driven rain rate was lower as discussed in the previous section (see Fig. 2) Plastic rain collecting buckets developed for the studies were mounted on the roof and walls of the building models to collect the direct impinging raindrops. Each bucket developed for the RAF tests was provided with a rim around the periphery of the bucket’s catch area to collect rain water due to impinging raindrops only and avoid collecting the surface runoff. To collect surface runoff rain water together with direct impinging raindrops, the edges of each runoff bucket were made flush (i.e., edges without rim) with the building façade. The buckets for the later tests were mounted in a row at specific height on the building façade. The tests were conducted for six rows along the height of the building measuring surface runoff water at specific height at a time. Rain water volume due to the surface runoff was determined as the difference of rain water ...
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... the target wind-driven rain rate and wind speed relationship was developed for the specified target RSD, the RSD was simulated in the experimental setup by manipulating the spray rate and the flow pressure using different types of spray nozzles. The simulation result was compared to the target RSD at various target wind speeds. Fig. 3 demonstrates the RSD simulation result at a simulated wind speed of 20 m/s (45 mph) and target wind-driven rain rate of 89 mm/hr (3.5 in/hr). The simulation was conducted at length scale of 1:4 and a velocity scale of 1:2. Detailed studies of wind-driven rain parameters at various simulation scales and scaling similarity requirements have been presented by Baheru et al (2012) and Inculet ...
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Citations
... The wind-induced inertial force is the main driving force along with gravitational and viscous forces dictating raindrops trajectories and intrusion of rainwater through an opening. The turbulent wind plays an important role in the formation of the flow patterns of deposited WDR on the building façade, affecting the distribution of impinging raindrops deposition and accumulation of surface runoff rainwater (Baheru et al. 2013). Moreover, the wind-induced pressure difference across the opening drives in the WDR together with air resulting in significant rainwater intrusion into the building interior especially in case of smaller openings such as envelope defects and exposure of roof underlayment to hurricane WDR (Bitsuamlak et al. 2009;Dao and van de Lindt 2012). ...
... Based on the basic formulation by Dao and Lindt (2010), this paper presents the development of a test-based WDR intrusion model which can be used to estimate the WDR intrusion through envelope defects and breaches during tropical storms and hurricanes. The new model quantifies the WDR intrusion based on opening types and uses experimental data of model parameters based on 12-fan wall of wind (WOW) wind-driven-rain testing (Baheru et al. 2013). This WDR intrusion model can be implemented in hurricane-induced building damage models to predict the total building interior damage and subsequent economic loss. ...
Wind-driven rain (WDR) intrusion through building envelope defects and breaches is a major source of damage to building interior components and contents during hurricane landfall. The extent of total building interior damage (damage to building interior components, utility, and contents) is a function of the total volume of WDR intrusion which in turn is dependent on the size of openings, wind speed, and rain intensity. Currently, the volume of rainwater intrusion through a given opening on a building façade is estimated using a semiempirical model with use of parametric information based on engineering judgment. This paper presents a test-based WDR intrusion model which uses values of parameters developed through testing of building models under simulated WDR conditions. The model estimates the total volume of rainwater intrusion through an opening as a summation of WDR volume attributable to direct impinging raindrops and surface runoff rainwater from the undamaged envelope area. Test-based WDR intrusion data measured using a building model with simulated envelope defects and breaches were used to validate the applicability of the new WDR intrusion model to full-scale buildings. Comparison between model estimation results and WDR intrusion measurements through simulated window sill cracks and envelope breaches demonstrated reasonable agreement. The model presented herein can be used to predict the WDR intrusion and subsequent interior damage to low-rise buildings during tropical storms and hurricanes.
... El problema de la interacción entre la lluvia y un edificio ha sido estudiado por Straube (1998), Straube y Burnett (2000), Blocken et al. (2005Blocken et al. ( , 2010Blocken et al. ( , 2012, y Choi (1993Choi ( , 1994 pero no para el caso de tormentas tropicales. Investigaciones recientes por Baheru et al. (2013aBaheru et al. ( , 2013bBaheru et al. ( , 2014 son las primeras en cuantificar experimentalmente el impacto de la lluvia y el escurrimiento de agua sobre un inmueble en condiciones típicas de un huracán. El enfoque de este artículo es la integración de los resultados de estos ensayos con el modelo de daño exterior del FPHLM (2012), para cuantificar el volumen de agua que penetra en un edificio y el subsecuente daño interior. ...
... Experimentos a gran escala se llevaron a cabo en el "Muro de Viento" de la Florida International University de Miami para medir el factor de admitancia de lluvia (FALL) y el coeficiente de escurrimiento de superficie (CES) para un edificio de un piso con techo a dos aguas, techo a cuatro aguas, y techo plano, para varias velocidades y direcciones de viento. Los resultados detallados de los ensayos se encuentran en Baheru et al. (2013aBaheru et al. ( , 2013bBaheru et al. ( , 2014. ...
