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In Ghana and many countries within Sub-Sahara Africa, Long Term Evolution (LTE) is being considered for use within the sectors of Governance, Energy distribution and transmission, Transport, Education and Health. Subscribers and Governments within the region have high expectations for these new networks and want to leverage the promised enhanced co...
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... planning tool. The dimensioning process which was used in successfully deploying the LTE under study involved a sequence of steps which served different requirements such as antenna radiation pattern simulation, coverage and capacity estimations to derive the final radio network plan for the 2X2 MIMO system. The dimensioning process is shown in Fig. 1. The dimensioning processes ...
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... average DL and UL throughput per sector are 28.51 Mbps and 11.98 Mbps respectively for a coverage limited network using a 26:21 DL/UL ratio and a PUSC 1x3x3 reuse scheme. The results of the LTE capacity simulation results in this work is compared with the results presented in [15] for the first successfully deployed WiMAX network in Ghana in Fig. 10. It can be seen that, the results of the LTE throughput simulation indicates an impressive performance of a Wireless network never seen before in the sub-region. Due to this impressive performance of the LTE network, the DL/UL ratio can also be chosen to be flexible to adapt to the differing demands of wireless services, whether to ...
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... of the deployed 2X2 MIMO configuration with alternative 4X4 and 8X8 MIMO configuration. This simulation was carried out using 1000 users for each cell site. 20 cell sites were put together in this simulation with each cell site having three sectors to be able to fairly represent the number of cell sites serving end users within the pilot network. Fig. 11 presents 2x2 MIMO throughput distribution simulation. The area as indicated by the red ink has between 0-1 Mbps throughput coverage using 2X2 MIMO. Very poor power levels of -120 to -110 dBm were observed in this area. Throughput distribution however varied between 0 and 40 Mbps in the simulation. Average downlink throughput of 8.324 ...
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... throughput simulation results for adaptive 4x4 MIMO antenna configuration is summarized in Fig. 12. Using 4X4 MIMO, the areas indicated by the highlighted regions on Fig. 12 show very similar throughput results to 2X2 MIMO within those areas with coverage gaps. However, throughput values of 0-1 Mbps that were observed in 2X2 MIMO was considerably reduced in 4X4 MIMO. On close observation 4X4 MIMO gave better average throughput ...
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... throughput simulation results for adaptive 4x4 MIMO antenna configuration is summarized in Fig. 12. Using 4X4 MIMO, the areas indicated by the highlighted regions on Fig. 12 show very similar throughput results to 2X2 MIMO within those areas with coverage gaps. However, throughput values of 0-1 Mbps that were observed in 2X2 MIMO was considerably reduced in 4X4 MIMO. On close observation 4X4 MIMO gave better average throughput results over 2X2 MIMO. Using 4X4 MIMO an average downlink throughput of 9.1782 ...
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... similar throughput results to 2X2 MIMO within those areas with coverage gaps. However, throughput values of 0-1 Mbps that were observed in 2X2 MIMO was considerably reduced in 4X4 MIMO. On close observation 4X4 MIMO gave better average throughput results over 2X2 MIMO. Using 4X4 MIMO an average downlink throughput of 9.1782 Mbps was obtained. Fig. 13 also presents 8X8 MIMO throughput distribution simulation for the study area. Form the results, it was realized that an average downlink throughput of 9.517 Mbps was obtained using 8X8 MIMO. 8X8 MIMO produced the best throughput coverage for high throughput values of 10 -30 Mbps. Throughput values obtained from all simulation gives a ...
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... with low RSRP - 120 to -110dBm had low throughput 1-5Mbps values. Areas with high RSRP coverage levels -100 to -50dBm had high throughput 5-40 Mbps. Generally the throughput behavior varied randomly. The average values however gave us an idea about the throughput performance using different MIMO schemes and this comparison as has been shown in Fig. 14. The downlink throughput prediction for the cluster analysis generally gave a higher average throughput for 8X8 MIMO. 2X2 MIMO gave the least average throughput per sector. 8X8 MIMO with the highest number of transmitting antennas gave the highest average throughput compared to 2X2 and 4X4 MIMO. The percentage coverage for users under ...
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... results was collected for 2X2 MIMO 4G LTE. Fig. 15 presented below is a graphical representation of the drive test results on the reference signal received power conducted at the test ...
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... 1, poor levels lower than -110 dBm were experienced at about 1.5 -2 km. Drive test was conducted on Route 2 which is on the N1 motorway. Here signals traversed free space along the motorway and could go as far as 2.5 km as shown by Fig. 9 on the ash route. Route 1 however finds itself on streets surrounded by cluster of buildings as shown by Fig. 16 and good signal level up to -110 dBm was received as far as 1.4 km. High rise buildings along the street obstructed the signals and increased the path loss reducing the signal received ...
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... and field collected results for Route 1 showed correlation as shown in Fig. 10 Simulation results on Route 2 proved that RSRP received power decreases with increasing distance as shown in Fig. 17. Field collected data gave similar results until after 1.5 km when the received level remained nearly constant at (-100 dBm) from this point to about 2.5 km. This shows that RF signals traverse farther distance in a free ...
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... and field collected results for Route 1 showed correlation as shown in Fig. 10 Simulation results on Route 2 proved that RSRP received power decreases with increasing distance as shown in Fig. 17. Field collected data gave similar results until after 1.5 km when the received level remained nearly constant at (-100 dBm) from this point to about 2.5 km. This shows that RF signals traverse farther distance in a free ...
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... results of the peak downlink and uplink measurements are summarized in Fig. 18 and 19. Fig. 18. Graph showing peak downlink throughput from drive test. Average throughput per sector measurements was also carried. The summarized results of the average throughput per sector recorded in this study period are presented in Fig. 20. Simulation results gave maximum per sector throughput values up to 40Mbps under a 35:12 TDD ...
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... average downlink throughput per sector of 29.9 Mbps showed better performance of the deployed 4G technology when compared to the 9.52 Mbps obtained in the performance evaluation of WiMAX networks in the same study area which was reported in [15]. The comparison of LTE results and the results obtained in the same area for WiMAX is presented in Fig. 21. The performance of the two 4G technologies in the pilot area was observed to be directly related to the user densities in the survey area. Site 4 had the highest recorded number of subscription at 15,000 users during the measurement period with Site 2 having the least number of users at 5,113. Even though there is limited documented ...
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Citations
... The performance of LTE telecommunications networks in Ghana and other Sub-Saharan African countries were investigated in [13] to explore the impact of desert terrain on antenna performance. The study resolved that a 2x2 Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) antenna arrangement is optimal to cover such areas. ...
The emergence of Fifth Generation (5G) technology has marked a significant advancement in communication networks offering unique speed, capacity, and reliability. However, the successful deployment of 5G networks in urban environments requires careful consideration of various factors, including frequency band selection and infrastructure planning. Since Iraq has not yet witnessed the 5G network implementation, studying how the frequency bands vary and affect performance will provide insights into a smoother migration toward the next-generation cellular systems. This research aims to investigate the feasibility and potential benefits of deploying 5G wireless networks in Basra City utilizing a diverse range of frequency bands at 1.8, 2.1, and 3.6 GHz. A cellular network was designed and analysed to identify the most suitable frequency bands for 5G deployment in this Iraqi city as a case study which can be then generalized for other terrain-like regions. The site locations, antenna heights, transmission power, and antenna down-tilt degree were optimized through three design scenarios. Furthermore, four measurement themes were adopted to evaluate network performance as coverages, power levels, Carrier-to-Interference (C/I), and power density measurement themes. The results showed that despite the network with 3.6 GHz band slightly recorded lower levels of power density, the 1.8 GHz band proved its outperformance compared with the other two bands in terms of coverage, capacity, and C/I. Besides, the 1.8 GHz based design served almost 100 km2 target area with excellent coverage. Consequently, the lower frequency 5G bands seemed to better accommodate users’ demands in Basra City with the outlined constraints.
... This design significantly reduces inter-cell interference and minimizes outage areas within the cell. Moreover, RF planning is simplified as segments are assigned to sectors while maintaining the same RF channel across all Base Stations (BS) [30]. Signal Power: Signal power signifies the strength or intensity of the signal transmitted or received in a network, measured in decibels (dB). ...
The proliferation of mobile devices and escalating demand for data services have resulted in a substantial increase in data traffic across Nigeria, especially in the North Central region due to heavy migration of individuals and organizations towards Abuja, the federal capital. However, despite the growing adoption of 4G/LTE networks in North Central Nigeria, users encounter persistent challenges in accessing high-speed internet and poor service network. This study investigates the performance of 4G/LTE networks in North-Central Nigeria using a comprehensive drive test methodology carried out in Abuja, Lafia and Makurdi. It covered a duration of 3hrs (12.00noon to 15.00pm) for 3days (3rd - 6th January, 2024). For each test day, drive tests covered a period of data measurements divided into 3,600 time-steps, with each time-step sized at 1sec; and scaled to 1:150 units. Key metrics including network speed, latency, uptime, coverage, and signal power were evaluated across major Mobile Network Operators. Result shows that D-NGN has the highest mean speed (9.543Mbps), packet loss (2.007%), uplink percentage (97.714%), and Network coverage (87.514%). It has the least latency (25.921) but high packet loss (2.007%). However, C-NGN shows lowest mean speed (6.638Mbps), uplink percentage (38.706%) and Signal power (-78.057dBm) but lowest mean packet loss (0.121%). A-NGN has the highest mean signal power (-61.867dBm) while B-NGN has highest latency (44.070ms) and lowest Network coverage (60.731%). This reveals that D-NGN has dominance in network performance, outperforming A-NGN, B-NGN, and C-NGN. It is recommended that MNOs in North-Central Nigeria should strategically enhance their network infrastructure to improve service delivery, particularly in suburban and rural areas where performance lags. D-NGN, the frontrunner in network speed and coverage, could further solidify its market leadership by addressing identified latency and packet loss issues especially in Makurdi. Moreover, MNOs with lower performance metrics could invest in expanding coverage and optimizing network configurations to meet user demands, thereby increasing competitiveness and customer satisfaction across the region.
... Paper [30] compare the performance of the deployed 4G LTE and WiMAX network suitability for the study terrain. The WiMAX network could not achieve quality of service (QoS) required for providing seamless mobile wireless connectivity. ...
... The Urban Microcellular (UMi) PL model assumes a situation where the Base Station (BS) height is below the surrounding rooftop heights, while in Urban Macrocellular (UMa) scenario, the BS height is above the building's rooftop [30]. The UMi LOS path loss model is presented as: ...
The quality of the signal received at any location in communication channel depends on the degree of losses and attenuation experience along its path. The existing models are not suitable for 5G network propagation due to heavy channel interference and signal loss applicable at millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum. The issues of Path Loss (PL) and signal interference in 5G New Radio (NR) network needs special attention. It is expected that 5G NR and 4G LTE-A networks will coexist for a very long time using the existing infrastructure. Hence, it is important to develop a good model to mitigate signal attenuation and co-channel interference that comes with the deployment of the 5G NR network. The existing models and measured data were compared to find out the closest model to the measured value. This paper proposed a modify Okumura-Hata (Ok-Hata) model for signal propagation in new 5G network. Also, an improved Autoregressive Particle Swarm Intelligent (APSI) algorithm was presented to enhance the proposed model for better performance. The modified Ok-Hata model outperformed all the existing models. The modified model has the potential to mitigate the effect of interference in 5G NR at 3.5 GHz frequency. The proposed new model has the capacity to solve some network issues such as; path loss, co-channel interference in 5G network. The result shows that there was no signal interference between the existing, and modified models. The result also shows that enhanced APSI is suitable for 5G NR network planning in Abuja, Nigeria.
... Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) developed 4G LTE, a packet-optimized radio access technology, to provide high-speed, low-latency mobile wireless connectivity over long distances, with support for the deployment of bandwidth from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz and flexible spectrum bands from 450 MHz to 4.5 GHz [2] . According to Kuboye [3] , the Nigeria Communication Commission (NCC) has licenced several telecommunications firms to offer 5th-generation broadband services to their subscribers, in order to meet the needs of their subscribers in terms of connection speed, and these firms have all claimed success in the effective deployment of broadband services (4G LTE). ...
... The transformation of regression results is done by a logistic function. The logistic function f(t) is mathematically expressed as [23] : (2) where e t is called the time exponential. ...
Over time, higher demand for data speed and quality of service by an increasing number of mobile network subscribers has been the major challenge in the telecommunication industry. This challenge is the result of an increasing population of human race and the continuous advancement in mobile communication industry, which has led to network traffic congestion. In an effort to solve this problem, the telecommunication companies released the Fourth Generation Long Term Evolution (4G LTE) network and afterwards the Fifth Generation Long Term Evolution (5G LTE) network that laid claims to have addressed the problem. However, machine learning techniques, which are very effective in prediction, have proven to be capable of great importance in the extraction and processing of information from the subscriber’s perceptions about the network. The objective of this work is to use machine learning models to predict the existence of traffic congestion in LTE networks as users perceived it. The dataset used for this study was gathered from some students over a period of two months using Google form and thereafter, analysed using the Anaconda machine learning platform. This work compares the results obtained from the four machine learning techniques employed that are k-Nearest Neighbour, Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree and Logistic Regression. The performance evaluation of the ML techniques was done using standard metrics to ascertain the real existence of congestion. The result shows that k-Nearest Neighbour outperforms all other techniques in predicting the existence of traffic congestion. This study therefore has shown that the majority of LTE network users experience traffic congestion.
... In all settings, it was impossible to recommend just one generic model. Authors [18], examined 4G LTE BS's throughput performance to see whether LTE can support data requirements of broadband applications. ...
Deployed Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks in Nigeria can barely meet the desired 100 Mbps downlink throughput leading to unsatisfactory quality of experience by mobile users. Typically, mobile network operators (MNOs) rely on network planning tools designed for generalized environments. These tools employ legacy propagation models that may not be suited to the operational environments under consideration. As such, the efficiency of such legacy path loss models suffers when they are used in environments different from those for which they have been designed, and this poses a major challenge to the MNOs. This is because the Nigerian geographical areas and topographical features vary widely from the areas where the legacy models were developed. Several studies in Nigeria and other African countries have shown that the legacy path loss models perform unsatisfactorily when compared with field measurement data. To address this challenge and enable accurate path loss prediction for an urban campus environment, extensive measurements at 2600 MHz were carried out in the main campus of the Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA), Ondo State, Nigeria. The measurement results were compared with the path loss predictions from the commonly-used legacy propagation models (Free space and 3GPP TR 36.873). The results show that the legacy path loss models under-predict the path loss averagely by 20-40 dB, and up to 88 dB in some cases, for the considered environment. Root mean square error (RMSE) values in the range of 1.895 and 9.159 were also observed along the routes. The measurement results will enable the MNOs to adjust the path losses in order to deliver improved quality of service.
... It enables very high speed data transfer, with greater range, more calls per cell, and lower latency. However, the increase in throughput requirements is hampered by the availability of spectral resources but also by the nature of the channels themselves [1]. Indeed 7 communications occur in increasingly limited frequency bands due to the high number of standards. ...
The mobile communications market has grown at an unprecedented rate and cellular phones have been
adopted much faster than any other equipment. At the same time, current systems meet many needs,
depending on whether mobility, speed, cost and quality are promoted and ensured ... To meet the ever-
increasing demands of consumers. These large capacity demands can only be met by high efficiency and
very good optimization of mobile network infrastructures, while taking into account the constraints that
are power, bandwidth and limited complexity. The concern to transmit at high rates while being confined
to a defined bandwidth has led some researchers to consider the application of iterative channel codes to
high spectral efficiency modulations. In order to recover the transmitted data correctly and efficiently. In
our paper, we are mainly interested in simulation analysis to improve the performance of 4G-LTE mobile
radio transmission, through the use of iterative coding technique, which is efficient and less complex,
named UTTCM through three models of channels (EPA, EVA, ETU).
... It enables very high speed data transfer, with greater range, more calls per cell, and lower latency. However, the increase in throughput requirements is hampered by the availability of spectral resources but also by the nature of the channels themselves [1]. Indeed 7 communications occur in increasingly limited frequency bands due to the high number of standards. ...
The mobile communications market has grown at an unprecedented rate and cellular phones have been adopted much faster than any other equipment. At the same time, current systems meet many needs, depending on whether mobility, speed, cost and quality are promoted and ensured ... To meet the ever-increasing demands of consumers. These large capacity demands can only be met by high efficiency and very good optimization of mobile network infrastructures, while taking into account the constraints that are power, bandwidth and limited complexity. The concern to transmit at high rates while being confined to a defined bandwidth has led some researchers to consider the application of iterative channel codes to high spectral efficiency modulations. In order to recover the transmitted data correctly and efficiently. In our paper, we are mainly interested in simulation analysis to improve the performance of 4G-LTE mobile radio transmission, through the use of iterative coding technique, which is efficient and less complex, named UTTCM through three models of channels (EPA, EVA, ETU).
... 4G LTE has mobile data rate of up to 300Mbps theoretically exceeded the throughput of the Third Generation (3G) mobile technology. Due to the applications running on LTE, its subscriptions reached 1.2 billion in 2016 with about 150 million new subscriptions and an estimated subscription of up to 4.3 billion by the end of 2021 [3]. Nigeria has the largest mobile market in Africa with about 173 million subscribers and a penetration rate of 123%) [4]. ...
... LTE base stations (eNBs) have evaluated for efficiency in rural and urban areas, and these base stations (LTE eNBs) have better efficiency in urban areas with a cell size of fewer than 750 meters [4]. Another study tests operation of LTE telecommunications networks in Ghana and several countries in Sub-Saharan (Africa) and tested the extent of desert terrain effect on transmitter performance antennas that use multiple input multi-output antennas using a simulation, and concluded that a 2 * 2 matrix is better for coverage in that region [5]. Through another study, a cellular network designed for the preimplementation step, and this design depends on area ground characteristics in which the network is designing. ...
the cellular network planning is the first step to building any cellular system and depends on the nature of the geographical area. Many companies that provide mobile phone services have a license to work for the second generation of cellular systems; usually the same companies obtain fourth generation licenses, so they use the same sites to supply a second and fourth generation service to save construction and operating costs. Using the same sites to provide second and fourth-generation services cause gaps in coverage of the fourth generation because the fourth generation has less coverage and frequency higher than the second generation. In this work, a proposed model represented a real network in Mosul city has been building for the fourth-generation Long Term Evaluation network in the same sites for the second generation. To solve the coverage gaps problem of the fourth generation, Methods that fit the nature of the cellular network in the city have been proposing. Coverage area increased from 1.9 square kilometers to 2.03 square kilometers for the greater received signal than-70 and-75 dBm, which represents an increase in coverage by 7% of the total coverage area for the best receiving signal level.
... LTE base stations (eNBs) have evaluated for efficiency in rural and urban areas, and these base stations (LTE eNBs) have better efficiency in urban areas with a cell size of fewer than 750 meters [4]. Another study tests operation of LTE telecommunications networks in Ghana and several countries in Sub-Saharan (Africa) and tested the extent of desert terrain effect on transmitter performance antennas that use multiple input multi-output antennas using a simulation, and concluded that a 2 * 2 matrix is better for coverage in that region [5]. Through another study, a cellular network designed for the preimplementation step, and this design depends on area ground characteristics in which the network is designing. ...
