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Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... in the REPAiR project structure 1.3 REPAiR follows in its structure six questions and models of the Geodesign framework (Steinitz, 2012) and is organized in two levels. WPs 3 to 6 develop the six models of the Geodesign framework for each study area, whereas WPs 1, 2, 7 and 8 manage different aspects across the cases and coordinate activities related to knowledge dissemination and data management ( Figure 1). REPAiR's approach to developing strategies that strengthen a CE builds on the collaboration of several expert teams from industrial ecology, economy, sustainability analysis, spatial planning, environmental policies and other relevant fields and stakeholders from particular regions. ...
Context 2
... sources of data to define the Geographies described above are composed by: statistical data (local and European data as Eurostat and EEA), planning instruments, public policies, and administrative documents. The articulation of the Sharing Knowledge Base (SKB) (Figure 10) can be declined according to a hierarchical framework, from the general level to specific one, selecting suitable criteria and indicators useful to analyse each geography level. Peri-urban areas have no clear boundaries, and the identification of the different typologies can be based on the assumptions that more than one type of peri-urban areas can exist. ...
Context 3
... into account the previous considerations, the methodological framework able to describe the articulation of geographies (General Geography, Physical Geography and Human Geography) in the SKB (Figure 10) considers the following main steps: ...
Context 4
... Figure 12, the decision tree related to each geography identifies the different levels: Geography, Thematic area, Topic, Sub-topic, Layer, Indicator (see also Table Integrated_Indicators_v2_Rev for a Dataset list). ...
Context 5
... 12: From geography to indicators: the hierarchy of levels Figure 13: From geography to indicators: an example ...
Context 6
... methodological process described above is part of a more complex context, where territorial system, spatial system and stakeholders system interact and characterise the specific Wastescapes ( Figure 14). ...
Context 7
... the project's aim is to produce a comprehensive Wastescapes characterisation approach for peri-urban areas in order to understand, evaluate and monitor their critical aspects and potentials. The methodological process is articulated considering three main steps ( Figure 15): ...
Context 8
... Atlas of data identification cards will be elaborated taking into account the decision tree of Figure 10 and selecting the most relevant information and the related map and/or picture. ...
Context 9
... Basin (and/or hazards) authorities -about risks (i.e. for Naples pilot: http://www.adbcampaniacentrale2.it) • Real estate registry -about land and building use and property (https://www.catastoinrete.it/acquisto_immediato_visure.asp?IdC=34875654&gclid =CNiS37OD0tYCFRPjGwodH7IISA) • Plans and studies related to public policies and surveys (from Regional and Metropolitan authorities but also from municipalities and private developers or enterprisers) • Processing of aero-photogrammetry and aerial images Last but not least, the diagram of Figure 17 visualises interactions between spatial analysis, -activity-based spatial -material flow analysis (Chapter 2.2), and social analysis (Chapter 2.3), from the perspective of Wastescapes. Outcomes & Validation 2.1.5 ...
Context 10
... Figure below visualises the draft map as used in the first three PULL workshops concerning the Naples case study. Figure 18. Draft map used in the first three PULL workshops in Naples pilot ...
Context 11
... et al., 2011;Schremmer et al., 2011;Pincetl et al., 2012), in which urban subsystems with their environmental and spatial impacts are addressed more explicitly. REPAiR also builds upon the notion of synergism in UM studies, focusing on the benefits of the intrinsic relationships existing within the urban metabolic system ( Zhang et al., 2014 (Minx et al., 2011). As a result, the same area or system is not comparable on a year-to-year basis since it cannot be guaranteed that the system still fulfils the same functions (Beloin-Saint-Pierre et al., 2017). ...
Context 12
... further diving into the various kinds of waste materials, it needs to be stated that REPAiR focuses on waste materials on a material level, as opposed to an elementary or substance level. In doing so, it also looks at the components and goods level, as these can be higher in the hierarchy, as becomes evident from Figure 18, displaying the relationship of substances, materials, components, and goods. The figure shows that substances are lowest in the hierarchy, due to their purest form. ...
Context 13
... REPAiR, the region is not considered as a black box, but it is investigated by a manageable balance between grey-box and network approach. In a grey-box system, the components of the system and their material inputs and outputs are accounted for (see Figure 19). A network system identifies the links between the components and thereby highlights key players and processes. ...
Context 14
... is important to understand the whole chain, including all activities where the waste material under study is generated, collected or processed, in order to know where the waste material occurs and where data should be collected. In doing so, a systems perspective is taken, acknowledging that the waste material is not only produced post-consumer (see Figure 21), but may also occur more upstream in the, chain. Building the so-called foreground supply chain does not imply that the entire process chain of products before they become waste needs to be built. ...
Context 15
... Finally, the activities should be grouped into logical activity groups, with group names as suggested in Figure 21, to allow for an easier handling for the rest of the AS-MFA method, as some activities will be similar in terms of the actions carried out and actors involved. For example, there are several activities that provide food and beverages for consumption in the public (restaurants, catering companies, schools). ...
Context 16
... in the REPAiR project structure 1.3 REPAiR follows in its structure six questions and models of the Geodesign framework (Steinitz, 2012) and is organized in two levels. WPs 3 to 6 develop the six models of the Geodesign framework for each study area, whereas WPs 1, 2, 7 and 8 manage different aspects across the cases and coordinate activities related to knowledge dissemination and data management ( Figure 1). REPAiR's approach to developing strategies that strengthen a CE builds on the collaboration of several expert teams from industrial ecology, economy, sustainability analysis, spatial planning, environmental policies and other relevant fields and stakeholders from particular regions. ...
Context 17
... sources of data to define the Geographies described above are composed by: statistical data (local and European data as Eurostat and EEA), planning instruments, public policies, and administrative documents. The articulation of the Sharing Knowledge Base (SKB) (Figure 10) can be declined according to a hierarchical framework, from the general level to specific one, selecting suitable criteria and indicators useful to analyse each geography level. Peri-urban areas have no clear boundaries, and the identification of the different typologies can be based on the assumptions that more than one type of peri-urban areas can exist. ...
Context 18
... into account the previous considerations, the methodological framework able to describe the articulation of geographies (General Geography, Physical Geography and Human Geography) in the SKB (Figure 10) considers the following main steps: ...
Context 19
... Figure 12, the decision tree related to each geography identifies the different levels: Geography, Thematic area, Topic, Sub-topic, Layer, Indicator (see also Table Integrated_Indicators_v2_Rev for a Dataset list). ...
Context 20
... 12: From geography to indicators: the hierarchy of levels Figure 13: From geography to indicators: an example ...
Context 21
... methodological process described above is part of a more complex context, where territorial system, spatial system and stakeholders system interact and characterise the specific Wastescapes ( Figure 14). ...
Context 22
... the project's aim is to produce a comprehensive Wastescapes characterisation approach for peri-urban areas in order to understand, evaluate and monitor their critical aspects and potentials. The methodological process is articulated considering three main steps ( Figure 15): ...
Context 23
... Atlas of data identification cards will be elaborated taking into account the decision tree of Figure 10 and selecting the most relevant information and the related map and/or picture. ...
Context 24
... Basin (and/or hazards) authorities -about risks (i.e. for Naples pilot: http://www.adbcampaniacentrale2.it) • Real estate registry -about land and building use and property (https://www.catastoinrete.it/acquisto_immediato_visure.asp?IdC=34875654&gclid =CNiS37OD0tYCFRPjGwodH7IISA) • Plans and studies related to public policies and surveys (from Regional and Metropolitan authorities but also from municipalities and private developers or enterprisers) • Processing of aero-photogrammetry and aerial images Last but not least, the diagram of Figure 17 visualises interactions between spatial analysis, -activity-based spatial -material flow analysis (Chapter 2.2), and social analysis (Chapter 2.3), from the perspective of Wastescapes. Outcomes & Validation 2.1.5 ...
Context 25
... Figure below visualises the draft map as used in the first three PULL workshops concerning the Naples case study. Figure 18. Draft map used in the first three PULL workshops in Naples pilot ...
Context 26
... et al., 2011;Schremmer et al., 2011;Pincetl et al., 2012), in which urban subsystems with their environmental and spatial impacts are addressed more explicitly. REPAiR also builds upon the notion of synergism in UM studies, focusing on the benefits of the intrinsic relationships existing within the urban metabolic system ( Zhang et al., 2014 (Minx et al., 2011). As a result, the same area or system is not comparable on a year-to-year basis since it cannot be guaranteed that the system still fulfils the same functions (Beloin-Saint-Pierre et al., 2017). ...
Context 27
... further diving into the various kinds of waste materials, it needs to be stated that REPAiR focuses on waste materials on a material level, as opposed to an elementary or substance level. In doing so, it also looks at the components and goods level, as these can be higher in the hierarchy, as becomes evident from Figure 18, displaying the relationship of substances, materials, components, and goods. The figure shows that substances are lowest in the hierarchy, due to their purest form. ...
Context 28
... REPAiR, the region is not considered as a black box, but it is investigated by a manageable balance between grey-box and network approach. In a grey-box system, the components of the system and their material inputs and outputs are accounted for (see Figure 19). A network system identifies the links between the components and thereby highlights key players and processes. ...
Context 29
... is important to understand the whole chain, including all activities where the waste material under study is generated, collected or processed, in order to know where the waste material occurs and where data should be collected. In doing so, a systems perspective is taken, acknowledging that the waste material is not only produced post-consumer (see Figure 21), but may also occur more upstream in the, chain. Building the so-called foreground supply chain does not imply that the entire process chain of products before they become waste needs to be built. ...
Context 30
... Finally, the activities should be grouped into logical activity groups, with group names as suggested in Figure 21, to allow for an easier handling for the rest of the AS-MFA method, as some activities will be similar in terms of the actions carried out and actors involved. For example, there are several activities that provide food and beverages for consumption in the public (restaurants, catering companies, schools). ...
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Buildings and structures, as complex technological objects ensuring the effective functioning of a number the urban development environment social processes, need periodically technical updating, conceptually viewed from the standpoint of expedient reconstruction. The respective budgets rational strategic and operational planning issues directed to...
Citations
... The research had identified the municipalities of Aafragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria (east of Naples) as case studies (Geldermans et al., 2017). ...
... These territories, located in the Neapolitan hinterland, are highly urbanised, and the presence of large road infrastructures defines a taxonomy that generates wasted landscapes Geldermans et al., 2017;Russo et al., 2017) (Fig. 19.1). ...
... Fig. 19.1 The spatial boundaries of the study area. The study area is chosen to consider the Focus Area identified in the Horizon 2020 REPAiR project (Geldermans et al., 2017). The focus is on Afragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria in the north-east of Naples. ...
In recent years, the modernisation process has led to a radical transformation of the territory, producing waste in various forms (José Zapata Campos and Michael Hall in Organising waste in the city, Bristol University Press, 2013). Waste, not only in the sense of domestic or industrial waste but also in a broader concept linked to the territory and landscape’s spatial context. The concept relates to the degraded and subsequently abandoned area. Places understood as waste, areas expelled from the city and extraneous as they have no use and are now at the end of their life cycle.
These areas, recognised as wastescapes (Amenta and Attademo in CRIOS 12:79–88, 2016) or a waste of land (Berger in Drosscape: Wasting land in urban America, Princeton Architectural Press, 2007), draw the and landscape’s mosaic increasingly fragmented. Also, current mobility requirements lead to a discussion on the design of road infrastructure. While in some cases the tendency is to upgrade existing ones, in others the choice is to design and build new routes. These new routes are causing many problems for the landscape, which is becoming even more devastated. A territory made up of linear elements, and ecosystem networks that physically connect urban space to environmental space create multiple landscapes within which transport networks act as a glue between the different urban poles and as a generator of abandoned areas (Russo in Techne 15:39–44, 2018).
With this in mind, the study aims to analyse and assess, through spatial indicators, the potential that abandoned sites close to major road infrastructures can offer to society not only in economic but also in environmental terms.
Starting from the Focus Area’s municipalities identified in the Horizon 2020 REPAiR project (Geldermans et al., in REPAiR project: REsource Management in Peri-urban AReas: Going beyond urban metabolism, 2017) for the Neapolitan context, only four of the eleven municipalities identified by the project are considered to make the analyses exhaustive and replicable in other contexts.
The methodology defined the relationships between the built environment and abandoned infrastructure spaces, which cross and fragment the city and are devoid of functionality.
The study had structured in three main phases:
Identification of the abandoned interstitial areas of the road and neighbouring infrastructures in the municipalities of Afragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria (municipal territories of the metropolitan city of Naples);
Analysis of the indexes of proximity to the urbanised areas and connectivity between the abandoned interstitial areas and the urbanised fabric;
Evaluate these indices for the suburban areas to identify the attractiveness for future urban regeneration processes.
In this sense, the attractiveness potential of abandoned interstitial spaces of road infrastructures had assessed.
If included in a decision support system, these analyses and evaluations would support the definition of urban regeneration actions. In this sense, it evaluated the potential for the attractiveness of abandoned interstitial areas of road infrastructure. In this context, particular attention is paid to the environment in which we live and its protection and preservation.
... The research had identified the municipalities of Aafragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria (east of Naples) as case studies (Geldermans et al., 2017). ...
... These territories, located in the Neapolitan hinterland, are highly urbanised, and the presence of large road infrastructures defines a taxonomy that generates wasted landscapes Geldermans et al., 2017;Russo et al., 2017) (Fig. 19.1). ...
... Fig. 19.1 The spatial boundaries of the study area. The study area is chosen to consider the Focus Area identified in the Horizon 2020 REPAiR project (Geldermans et al., 2017). The focus is on Afragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria in the north-east of Naples. ...
In this first chapter of the Book “Regenerative Territories. Dimensions of Circularity for Healthy Metabolisms”, the relation between circularity and space is explored. The main focus is the development over time, and in particular the way how spatial planning and strategies respond to new unpredictable urgencies and opportunities related with territorial metabolisms. In relation to space and time, 5 grand rules are explored as necessary to implement the transition towards Circularity: (1) The Circular Economy paradigm shift requires a socio-ecological perspective and looking beyond boundaries; (2) Circular Economy is based on systems thinking and territorial metabolism; (3) a Circular Economy calls for a renewed approach to the public domain and stakeholder involvement; (4) amplifying the definition of Circular Economy with the inclusion of wastescapes; and (5) Planning the Circular Economy as an open collaborative system. The paradigm shift of contemporary planning towards circularity is aimed to facilitate the capacity of cities to be adaptive and flexible to the speeding up of the biggest changes in the present-day society. Therefore, the relation between the various spatial scales is strictly interlinked to the time scales, as well as to the metabolic processes and Life Cycles of Territories. In this perspective, the “existing city” is a non-negotiable common heritage, the result of a “selective accumulation” of material and immaterial traces produced by the slow and progressive anthropic work in the territory. Contemporary spatial planning looks beyond boundaries. This concerns both the physical boundaries between areas or countries, both the boundaries of the various scale levels of solutions, of the interrelated networks, of the public space and, particularly, of their reciprocity. It induces the scrutinization of the underlying social needs and the finding of instruments that allow the spatial planning and renewed infrastructure to fit the changing social objectives such as sustainability and liveability. The territory of the Circular Economy is the city, as a complex and multidimensional organism. However, the most problematic field for experimenting with “circular planning” is the peri-urban territory consisting of urbanized areas, crossed by differentiated phenomena of settlement expansion beyond the limits of the countryside, which identifies rural and open space, traditionally coinciding with the limits of the city. A circular planning for the regeneration of the peri-urban identifies the waste spaces, the decay of the territory, the obsolescence and end of life of buildings, functions and urban parts now inadequate, namely wasted landscapes (wastescapes). The latter are both the result of metabolic transformations of the territory and generator of prospects and potential for rebalancing the material welfare of the city.
... The research had identified the municipalities of Aafragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria (east of Naples) as case studies (Geldermans et al., 2017). ...
... These territories, located in the Neapolitan hinterland, are highly urbanised, and the presence of large road infrastructures defines a taxonomy that generates wasted landscapes Geldermans et al., 2017;Russo et al., 2017) (Fig. 19.1). ...
... Fig. 19.1 The spatial boundaries of the study area. The study area is chosen to consider the Focus Area identified in the Horizon 2020 REPAiR project (Geldermans et al., 2017). The focus is on Afragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria in the north-east of Naples. ...
Peri-urban is an intermediate land. On the one hand, its hybrid nature makes it particularly vulnerable to speculation, indiscriminate use of soil resources, erosion of agricultural residues, and so on; on the other hand, it is difficult to control through planning instruments and policies. Starting from this background, the chapter will investigate the territories of the large Campania Plain, in the South of Italy, between Naples and Caserta. Until the middle of twentieth century, this territory was known as Campania Felix due to its agricultural vocation. Subsequently, a series of development policies and a misinterpreted concept of valorization and modernization of the territory have changed its characteristics and identity, giving many parts of it to disorder: industrial settlements, plants, logistics, landfills, and large infrastructures that clash with the residential, agricultural, or residual areas and in-between natural ones. In this context, the chapter summarizes the first results of a research project that aims to rethink the role of the large Industrial Development Areas, established in the peri-urban contexts of the plain in the province of Caserta, in Italy.
... The research had identified the municipalities of Aafragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria (east of Naples) as case studies (Geldermans et al., 2017). ...
... These territories, located in the Neapolitan hinterland, are highly urbanised, and the presence of large road infrastructures defines a taxonomy that generates wasted landscapes Geldermans et al., 2017;Russo et al., 2017) (Fig. 19.1). ...
... Fig. 19.1 The spatial boundaries of the study area. The study area is chosen to consider the Focus Area identified in the Horizon 2020 REPAiR project (Geldermans et al., 2017). The focus is on Afragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria in the north-east of Naples. ...
More and more nowadays, the Circular Economy is at the heart of European public policies. As a result of the “Next Generation EU” Recovery Plans, a huge amount of financial resources will be available in the coming years to give shape the concept of “ecological transition". For that purpose, radical vision and operational concreteness are needed.
In order to strengthen the territorial dimension of public policies aimed at ecological transition, the paper points to consider the status quo of the European territory, looking for recurring elements and differences. In this perspective, a return of “hard” urban studies, focusing on the issues of land ownership, land parcelling, infrastructural and urbanization procedures (and their relationships with the environment and the landscape) should be conducted at the European scale.
A central role for the future of contemporary territories is recognized in the so-called “fringe area”, the part of the urban region where patterns of building development and unbuilt space interwave: its intermediary character, as a place between the compact city and the suburban countryside, makes this zone favourable to the collaboration between the two worlds. In addition, its easy accessibility from both the denser contexts and the outer areas makes it the perfect place to locate the equipment required to create short supply chains, so relevant for the circular economy and the ecological transition.
These transition areas need to be rethought as new collective spaces of the contemporary city, areas for the proliferation of biodiversity, inhibited from settlement increase and subject to restrictions on car traffic. In them, the circular dimension of the new green economy could give shape to certain spatial conditions and new landscapes.
Two main spatial models can describe this sustainable reform of the peri-urban territories. The first one assumes the figure of the “cluster”: a territorially and functionally defined region with one or more reference centres and an edge marking the discontinuity from other clusters. The second model is based on the figure of the “grid”: an unlimited mesh, which gives measure and organizes space according to a replicable and open system. This spatiality is built on a redundant and weak infrastructure, devoid of hierarchy, which can give rise to a sponge rich in pores, with neither internal nor external boundaries.
The concept of the materiality also deals with the physical status of each context where the clusters of shortening flows would define local metabolisms, self-sufficient, marked by the use and recycling of what can be produced or “extracted” in the cluster itself. The closing of short supply chains for the use and recycling of materials, also with reference to the construction cycle and CDW recycling, would have direct consequences on the architectural character of the new arrangements: a kind of hyper-contextualism in which the landscape takes on grains, colours, materiality, closely linked to the local condition.
Finally, a reflection on the rationales of the project is outlined. What is proposed, in fact, requires going beyond the traditional way in which the project has been conceived. In fact, these urban reconfiguration processes, structurally open to uncertainty, would take advantage of a programmatic choice of spatial incompleteness: a condition of “unfinished”, open to the accumulation over time of functions, forms, aggregations and densifications.
... The research had identified the municipalities of Aafragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria (east of Naples) as case studies (Geldermans et al., 2017). ...
... These territories, located in the Neapolitan hinterland, are highly urbanised, and the presence of large road infrastructures defines a taxonomy that generates wasted landscapes Geldermans et al., 2017;Russo et al., 2017) (Fig. 19.1). ...
... Fig. 19.1 The spatial boundaries of the study area. The study area is chosen to consider the Focus Area identified in the Horizon 2020 REPAiR project (Geldermans et al., 2017). The focus is on Afragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria in the north-east of Naples. ...
The United Nation’s 17 Sustainable development Goals (SDG) can be considered as the lighthouse of the great challenges which humanity will be confronted with. Many of these goals are related to our behaviors and our “take, make, and dispose,” namely, the linear dominant economic model that, in the last centuries, is leading to an ongoing increase of resource consumption and, consequently, a huge generation of waste. In fact, the rate of both natural resource consumption and waste generation are urgent issues, especially in the urban and peri-urban areas that will require proper solutions. The city is and will be even more in the future the most affected and the major drivers of resource consumption since it is expected that by 2050 more than 70% of the population will live in urbanized areas, and cities will grow in number and size. It means that land, water, food, energy, and other natural resource are increasingly necessary, but because resources are limited, it is required to change the linear consumption model in a new circular model of use and consumption where waste is avoided. In the last few years, emerged that waste management practices are improving according to the European Waste Hierarchy guidance, but there is still a wide possibility of improvement. This chapter explores, on one hand, what means the circular city, and on the other hand how to build it suggesting some policy recommendations. Considering urban and peri-urban areas as the space of material and people flows, thus optimizing the space used by flows and improving their interactions, it will be possible to construct another step toward circularity. In that view, the circular city acquires an urban and territorial perspective that can be managed with the urban and territorial tools, measures, policies, and plans, able to link also issues like climate adaptation, resilience, and sustainability. Finally, we argue that important work must be done in the immediate future in order to re-think and re-design urban spaces, urban practices, and infrastructures, thus shift from linear to circular city.
... The research had identified the municipalities of Aafragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria (east of Naples) as case studies (Geldermans et al., 2017). ...
... These territories, located in the Neapolitan hinterland, are highly urbanised, and the presence of large road infrastructures defines a taxonomy that generates wasted landscapes Geldermans et al., 2017;Russo et al., 2017) (Fig. 19.1). ...
... Fig. 19.1 The spatial boundaries of the study area. The study area is chosen to consider the Focus Area identified in the Horizon 2020 REPAiR project (Geldermans et al., 2017). The focus is on Afragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria in the north-east of Naples. ...
Cities are like “heterotrophic organisms” because they are dependent on inflows of air, water, food, matter, and energy. Unlike nature, they pollute their own habitat through the production of waste outflows and emissions, extending beyond their own footprint. Data on the ecological footprint of cities have quantified, emblematically, the imbalance between in- and outflows but also what remains: polluted air, water, and soil. The rapid growth of urbanization is a matter of serious concern, but as a part of new development, it can be turned around with an approach in which cities become an “autotrophic organism”.
In 2012 Taranto, a coastal city in Southern Italy with an important commercial and military port, was declared as the city “with the highest risk of environmental crisis” in Italy due to a large industrial area developed in the proximity of a highly populated urban settlement.
The cause of pollution, a steel production plant, directly employs approximately 12.000 people and another 8.000 contractors indirectly, making it Taranto’s main economic driver.
The conflict between economy and environment in the city of Taranto, make it a peculiar case study to be approached with the concept of a Democratic Landscape. This concept reads the territory beyond the natural environment, also recognizing the wellbeing of the inhabitants.
After the analysis of a Democratic Landscape in relation to the concept of an “autotrophic organism”, this contribution explores the transformation by regeneration of the ecosystem and the economic regime. In redeveloping a city like Taranto, changing its function from a heterotrophic organism to an autotroph organism, the approach of the so-called “linking open-loop system circularity” is more appropriate. It more adequately describes the system than what is commonly understood for circularity at the building scale of “reduce, reuse, recycle of resources”. Circularity as an attitude brings together many elements that can be considered generic for each project: it can be about recycling or reuse, cutting costs or time, and output of CO2 through reducing material inflow and the transport of materials.
In the context of the Democratic Landscape and an autotropic organism, the approach of “linking open-loop system circularity” is tested on two scales in Taranto. One, on the large scale, proposing multiple reuses of agricultural crops after remediation and two, at the local scale, in rebuilding a portion of the city by reusing the demolished buildings materials.
The need to rethink and redesign the flow of resources such as building materials, water, food, and energy is essential to the future sustainability of cities. It involves thinking about how to use existing resources rather than dispose of them as in the linear model. It also means establishing new economic models in order to make a sustainable city, flows of intelligent growth and the creation of an identity for a communal sense of belonging. Together, these create a democratic, autotrophic landscape that can sustain a future.
... The research had identified the municipalities of Aafragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria (east of Naples) as case studies (Geldermans et al., 2017). ...
... These territories, located in the Neapolitan hinterland, are highly urbanised, and the presence of large road infrastructures defines a taxonomy that generates wasted landscapes Geldermans et al., 2017;Russo et al., 2017) (Fig. 19.1). ...
... Fig. 19.1 The spatial boundaries of the study area. The study area is chosen to consider the Focus Area identified in the Horizon 2020 REPAiR project (Geldermans et al., 2017). The focus is on Afragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria in the north-east of Naples. ...
Port and city authorities all over Europe and beyond are striving with finding solutions able to combine sustainability with economic growth. Several global urgencies in fact, such as climate change, energy transition, the exponential changes in the scale of ports and ships and last but not least the economic and health shock related to the coronavirus pandemic, are challenging the spaces where ports physically meet their cities, generating processes of caesura within the urban patterns with consequent impacts on the quality of life. In port cities, infrastructures and energy flows overlap with city flows and patterns that change with different rhythms and temporalities. This discrepancy creates abandonment and marginality between port and city. This today is no longer sustainable. New approaches and solutions that look at integration and circularity rather than separation are necessary.
Circularity has been widely discussed in the literature. However, the concept still remains very controversial, especially when it comes to port cities where new definitions are needed in particular to better understand the spatial dimension of circularity. The Rotterdam therefore case study stands exemplary. Here, the concept of the circular economy refers mostly to the theme of obsolete industrial buildings and marginal that are reinserted again within the urban metabolism. The case of Rotterdam points out that the competition of the port today goes through the quality of its relationship spaces and the ability of the different actors involved in the planning process to hold together economic growth and environmental sustainability. The areas along the river are in fact the most fascinating places in the city and today they are ready for a different use. In order for the city to become an attractive place to live it is necessary to build new, innovative and sustainable spatial visions. This will lead to scenarios of sustainable coexistence between port and city. Therefore, these two agendas (sustainable port and city attractiveness) came together in the area known as Makers district (M4H) which, together with RDM campus, represents the Rotterdam testing ground for innovation.
Therefore, this chapter, by arguing that ports will play a crucial role in the transition towards more circularity investigates how to make it happen and how to transform the challenges of the port into opportunities for a territorial regeneration towards new forms of integration. In order to answer the question, the case of Rotterdam is presented to analyse a model of urban regeneration where different planning agencies—mainly port authority, municipality, universities and private parties—work together at different scales to define a sustainable coexistence of interests. The research, which draws data on existing literature and policy documents analysis, firstly introduces the spatial and governance structures of the city of Rotterdam as part of a bigger metropolitan region. Secondly, it analyses the case of “Stadshavens strategy” as an emblematic example to overcome conflicts and path dependencies at the intersection of land and water. Finally, it concludes by highlighting some limitations and path dependencies that could make the transition to new forms of the circular economy very difficult in the future.
... The research had identified the municipalities of Aafragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria (east of Naples) as case studies (Geldermans et al., 2017). ...
... These territories, located in the Neapolitan hinterland, are highly urbanised, and the presence of large road infrastructures defines a taxonomy that generates wasted landscapes Geldermans et al., 2017;Russo et al., 2017) (Fig. 19.1). ...
... Fig. 19.1 The spatial boundaries of the study area. The study area is chosen to consider the Focus Area identified in the Horizon 2020 REPAiR project (Geldermans et al., 2017). The focus is on Afragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria in the north-east of Naples. ...
Recent international—UN-Habitat and European Environment Agency—and Italian reports have pointed out that urbanization is incessantly expanding at the expense of biodiversity and of rural lands. The radical growth of land consumption and change of land-use contribute to the increase of territorial risks and vulnerability. In particular, such phenomena are more visible within the peri-urban interface, considered as hybrid and malleable areas straddling between city and countryside realities. Even in the absence of a univocal definition, peri-urban is understood as a space where urban expansion occurs. Moreover, it emerges that such space also lacks local governance. Such uncertainty of form, identity and regulation catches the attention of a new urban agenda, which considers the peri-urban the most suitable place where to enact social, ecological and economic challenging changes. In this light, this paper aims to underline how peri-urban areas, although ecologically, socially and weak from a legislation point of view, constitute challenging territories to enact regenerative design and practices. In particular, new policies in sustainable agriculture are considered as potential solutions for the rapid soil consumption in Europe. Therefore, Campania region has been taken as our case study, because the region has a long history of agricultural practices and currently, it is closely linked to risk dynamics. It also represents an emblematic example for its innate exposure to natural hazards (related to its geological nature and geographical location), and for the ongoing man-made risks as causes of ecological and territorial damages. Moreover, land consumption in the region reached a record level in 2019, with 10% of agricultural land lost in a year (corresponding to 140,033 hectares). More than 70% of the consumed lands coincided with areas already exposed to natural hazards, both seismic and hydrogeological (Munafò, 2020). This paper assesses the results of an experimental application developed as part of the REPAiR (This research has been conducted within the framework of the European Horizon 2020 funded research “REPAiR: REsource Management in Peri-urban AReas: Going Beyond Urban Metabolism” [ http://h2020repair.eu/ ]. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 688920. This article reflects only the author’s view. The Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains). Horizon 2020 European research project. We argue that the project results underline the relationship between the peri-urban interface and the soil regeneration through eco-innovative solutions. This has allowed us to link the spatial condition of the peri-urban with the production of waste and its subsequent recycle. This paper aims to further explore the research field experimented during REPAiR, expanding the materials available on the peri-urban and adding information with respect to the risk to which these places are linked.
... The research had identified the municipalities of Aafragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria (east of Naples) as case studies (Geldermans et al., 2017). ...
... These territories, located in the Neapolitan hinterland, are highly urbanised, and the presence of large road infrastructures defines a taxonomy that generates wasted landscapes Geldermans et al., 2017;Russo et al., 2017) (Fig. 19.1). ...
... Fig. 19.1 The spatial boundaries of the study area. The study area is chosen to consider the Focus Area identified in the Horizon 2020 REPAiR project (Geldermans et al., 2017). The focus is on Afragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria in the north-east of Naples. ...
A great deal of the contemporary discourse around circularity revolves around waste—the elimination of waste (and wastelands) through recycling, renewing and reuse (3Rs). In line with industrial ecological thinking, the discourse often focuses on resource efficiency and the shift toward renewables. The reconstitution of numerous previous ecologies is at most a byproduct of the deliberate design of today’s cyclic systems. Individual projects are often heralded for their innovative aspects (both high- and low-tech) and the concept has become popularly embraced in much of the Western world. Nevertheless, contemporary spatial circularity practices appear often to be detached from their particular socio-cultural and landscape ecologies. There is an emphasis on performative aspects and far too often a series of normative tools create cookie-cutter solutions that disregard locational assets—spatial as well as socio-cultural. The re-prefix is evident for developed economies and geographies, but not as obvious in the context of rapidly transforming and newly urbanizing territories. At the same time, the notion of circularity has been deeply embedded in indigenous, pre-modern and non-Western worldviews and strongly mirrored in historic constellations of urban, rural and territorial development. This contribution focuses on two contexts, Flanders in Belgium and the rural highlands, the Mekong Delta and Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam, which reveal that in spite of the near-universal prevalence of the Western development paradigm, there are fundamentally different notions of circularity in history and regarding present-day urbanization. Historically, in both contexts, the city and its larger territory formed a social, economic and ecological unity. There was a focus is on the interdependent development of notions of circularity in the ever-evolving relations of landscape, infrastructure and urbanization. In the development of contemporary circularity, there are clear insights that can be drawn from the deep understandings of historic interdependencies and the particular mechanisms and typologies utilized. The research questions addressed are in line with territorial ecology’s call to incorporate socio-cultural and spatial dimensions when trying to understand how territorial metabolisms function (Barles, Revue D’économie Régionale and Urbaine:819–836, 2017). They are as follows: how can case studies from two seemingly disparate regions in the world inform the present-day wave of homogenized research on circularity? How can specific socio-cultural contexts, through their historical trajectories, nuance the discourse and even give insights with regard to broadened and contextualized understandings of circularity? The case studies firstly focus on past site-specific cyclic interplays between landscape, infrastructure and urbanization and their gradual dissolution into linearity. Secondly, the case studies explicitly focus on multi-year design research projects by OSA (Research Urbanism and Architecture, KU Leuven), which underscore new relations of landscape, infrastructure and urbanization and emphasize the resourcefulness of the territory itself. The design research has been elaborated in collaboration with relevant stakeholders and experts and at the request of governmental agencies.
... The research had identified the municipalities of Aafragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria (east of Naples) as case studies (Geldermans et al., 2017). ...
... These territories, located in the Neapolitan hinterland, are highly urbanised, and the presence of large road infrastructures defines a taxonomy that generates wasted landscapes Geldermans et al., 2017;Russo et al., 2017) (Fig. 19.1). ...
... Fig. 19.1 The spatial boundaries of the study area. The study area is chosen to consider the Focus Area identified in the Horizon 2020 REPAiR project (Geldermans et al., 2017). The focus is on Afragola, Cardito, Casalnuovo di Napoli and Casoria in the north-east of Naples. ...
Urban Regeneration (UR) is an approach to urban development contrasting soil consumption by catalyzing social energies to reuse urban existing heritage (brownfields and dismissed buildings). The authors of this chapter are professionals within KCity Ltd., a bespoke consultancy specialized in UR design strategies adopting an interdisciplinary approach, derived in particular from policy analysis and urban planning. The aim of this chapter is investigating the potential of UR practices to give a contribution to the scientific debate about Circular Economy and its application into urban development.
