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This paper examines Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) potential from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as cement industry's alternative fuel in developing country. Municipal solid waste remains an issues for city while cement industry are needed a sustainable alternative fuel resources. Jeruklegi Landfill, in Cilacap City, Central Java Province, Indonesia was s...
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... 1 st and 2 nd aspect were analysed by comparing results with criteria from cement industry, obtained from questionnaires and other country standards. Criteria standards is shown in Table 1. Avoided GHG emission was calculated based on projection of emission that could have been released if MSW is landfilled. ...
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Solid Waste Management is a prime concern in present days regarding the environmental impact. The increased population leads to the growth of urban areas and slums which, in turn, generating a huge volume of waste. Until recently, environment was not an issue in a developing country like Bangladesh and solid waste management was definitely not the...
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... This circumstance describes a strong chance for landfill-mined RDF to be used as AF in cement plants, substituting coal/petroleum coke in a calciner/kiln. The permissible calorific value (CV) for RDF in a cement kiln in Thailand was 15 MJ kg -1 (Prechthai et al., 2008), while in Indonesia was 12.5 MJ kg -1 (Paramita et al., 2018). Both standards were lower than the CV of petroleum coke for cement production at 32.6 MJ kg -1 (Kara et al., 2010). ...
... The inaugural RDF product in 2020 produced a CV of 9.89-16.07 MJ kg -1 that partially met the RDF quality standards for the Indonesian cement industry at 12.5 MJ kg -1 (Paramita et al., 2018). Nonetheless, some CVs only met the second and third classes of the Indonesian RDF standards for coal-fired steam powerplants at 10 and 10-15 MJ kg -1 (Ismawati et al., 2022;Zaenudin, 2023 Ismawati et al., 2022), indicating a suboptimal physical-chemical characteristic of RDF, which required improvement. ...
... To determine the RDF with the best quality and optimal reduction potential, three key parameters were observed: moisture content, ash content, and calorific value. These parameters were compared to the RDF standards of Korea (Dong and Lee 2009) and Indonesia (Paramita et al. 2018). The reduction potential showed the percentage reduction of waste (PET charcoal and organic) utilized into RDF. ...
This study critically evaluated the potential of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) as a sustainable substitute for coal in the cement manufacturing process. Using Emplacement Pluit's waste as a primary source, three distinct RDF variations were analyzed: RDF A (comprised purely of PET Charcoal), RDF B (a 50-50 combination of PET Charcoal and organic waste), and RDF C (solely organic waste). Among the parameters evaluated were moisture content, ash content, and calorific value. The results indicated RDF A's superior quality, with a moisture content of 2.6%, ash content of 0.7%, and a calorific value of 25.1 MJ/kg. In stark contrast, RDF C exhibited a high waste reduction potential at 80.5%, but its calorific value fell short of Korean standards. RDF B, balancing quality and reduction potential, achieved a 98.9% waste reduction and met Korean RDF standards, making it the most viable alternative to coal in cement production. The study underscores the significant potential of integrating RDF in industrial practices, particularly cement kilns. It offers insight into optimizing waste management strategies in line with the 'zero-waste' vision.
... Among these issues are the onset of malodorous odours, the proliferation of disease vectors, and the erosion of the aesthetic appeal of the surroundings (Huang, Wang, Dong, Xi, & Zhou, 2006;Kohli, 2016). A striking concern lies in the fact that an estimated 60% of urban waste remains untransported to designated treatment and landfill, necessitating a comprehensive approach to both waste disposal and reduction strategies (Adnan, Ainun, & Halomoan, 2018;Paramita, Hartono, & Soesilo, 2018). This highlights the urgency to analyse waste characteristics and investigate potential avenues for waste reduction. ...
The Bengkala Landfill serves as the sole waste disposal site in the Buleleng Regency, and its current waste accumulation has exceeded the landfill's capacity. The local government has endeavoured to reduce the influx of waste to the landfill by establishing a Recycling Centre (RC) for waste processing. This research aims to analyse the generation and characteristics of waste in Singaraja City, as well as its recycling potential, to support RC planning. The study's method is to look at how much waste is made and what kinds of things are made from it by using measurements made by the local government of Buleleng Regency in line with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 19-3964-1994. The analysis reveals that Singaraja City produces approximately 606.23 kg/day of waste, with a density of 0.244 kg/L. Organic waste dominates, constituting 66.31% of the total waste composition. Food waste and foliage are the highest components of organic waste, underscoring the significance of food waste reduction, including composting. Paper, wood, and plastic contribute 8.23%, 1.41%, and 14.57% of the waste, respectively. The study of waste composition in Singaraja City reveals both opportunities and challenges in waste management and sustainability. Singaraja City can benefit from initiatives such as plastic reduction programmes, glass recycling, and hazardous waste management to achieve sustainable waste practices. Achieving these goals necessitates public education, policy interventions, recycling infrastructure development, and stakeholder collaboration.
... Menurut Paramita, dkk., empat puluh lima kabupaten/kota di Indonesia menggunakan sistem TPA/ TPST open dumping dan menggunakan pembakaran terbuka. Metode open dumping merupakan metode pembuangan sampah yang paling sederhana dimana sampah dibuang begitu saja tanpa perlakuan lebih lanjut dalam sebuah tempat pembuangan akhir [6]. Sistem open dumping dinilai sudah tidak layak lagi untuk menjadi tempat pembuangan akhir sampah karena dapat menimbulkan berbagai macam pencemaran bagi lingkungan sekitar baik pencemaran tanah, air, udara, serta membawa dampak terhadap kesehatan masyarakat sekitar TPA/TPST [7]. ...
... Turki [12] Inggris [11] Italia [11] Finlandia [11] Swedia [11] Indonesia [ Penelitian tentang studi potensi sampah menjadi bahan baku RDF telah dilakukan di berbagai lokasi, di antaranya adalah TPA Piyungan [13], TPA Jatibarang [14], TPA Jeruklegi [6], TPA Pakusari [15], TPA Murareja [16], Provinsi Bali [17], Kota Depok [10], dan TPA Bantargebang [18]. Dari berbagai penelitian tersebut, belum pernah dilakukan penelitian tentang studi potensi sampah menjadi bahan baku RDF untuk TPA Banyuroto, Kulon Progo. ...
Permasalahan pengelolaan sampah salah satunya terkait dengan ketersediaan lahan yang terbatas masih belum dapat teratasi terlebih di wilayah-wilayah urban dengan pertumbuhan penduduk yang pesat. Selain itu, pertumbuhan penduduk juga berimbas kepada peningkatan konsumsi energi primer yang didominasi oleh bahan bakar fosil yang sifatnya tidak terbarukan dan menghasilkan emisi berbahaya bagi lingkungan sekitar. Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) merupakan salah satu alternatif solusi bagi kedua permasalahan tersebut. RDF adalah bahan bakar atau bahan baku yang dibuat sebagai hasil pengolahan sampah untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar yang memiliki kualitas yang konsisten. Timbulan sampah di Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir (TPA) Banyuroto Kulon Progo dianalisis untuk dapat diketahui potensinya sebagai bahan baku RDF. Penelitian dilakukan untuk menghitung timbulan sampah combustible, menghitung persentase kadar air sampah combustible, dan nilai kalor sampah combustible di TPA Banyuroto. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa timbulan sampah di TPA Banyuroto adalah sebesar 94.11%, kadar air timbulan sampah di TPA Banyuroto adalah 25.7% dan nilai kalor timbulan sampah di TPA Banyuroto adalah sebesar 5544.569 Kkal/kg, sehingga timbulan sampah di TPA Banyuroto terkategori sebagai potensial untuk bahan bakar RDF dengan potensi sebesar 29.84 ton/hari.
... Economically the price of RDF fluff as alternative fuel is competitive with the price of rice husk charcoal. The RDF production cost is IDR 272,000 per ton with a selling price of IDR 293,000 perton which is below the Willingness to pay limit of the cement industry [4]. ...
Griyo Mulyo landfill, the only final waste processing facility owned by Sidoarjo Regency, received a waste generation of 201,975 tons/year in 2022. Most of the municipal solid waste received by the Griyo Mulyo landfill was straightly dumped at the old landfill at 82.2% of total solid waste. Therefore, this research examined the potential for solid waste reduction at Griyo Mulyo final processing site with the Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) plant. In addition, an analysis of the financial feasibility of the RDF process and the environmental impact resulting from this process was also carried out. In this study, an analysis of the generation, composition, and density of solid waste received by Griyo Mulyo Landfill was carried out. From these data, the calculation of the mass balance of waste processing is carried out. The financial condition of RDF processing needs to be analyzed for financial feasibility, whether this activity is economically feasible. Some financial data required to calculate feasibility are sales of RDF products, RDF investment costs, and operational and maintenance costs. The result shows an average reduction in RDF raw material was 7.72% annually. The financial analysis on waste recovery to the RDF conversion system on Griyo Mulyo final processing site is feasible to be applied.
... Calorific value (MJ/kg) [80] 12.00-2100 [81] 12.69 [51] 19.90 [70] 14.64 [82] 19.40 [83] 19.67 [84] 17.79 [79] 16.10-23.70 [85] 14.90 [86] 25.02 [72] 15.21 [87] 29.11 [88] 15.97 [89] 17.90 [90] 26. 82-29.26 ...
As concrete is one of the most commonly used construction materials, there is a massive production of cement, which causes cement manufacturing to be an energy-intensive industry. A significant amount of the cost of cement production, ranging from 20% to 25%, is attributed to thermal energy. In addition, the action of mining and burning fossil fuels results in the unfavorable emission of hazardous compounds into the environment. Therefore, the switch from conventional fossil fuels to alternative fuels (AFs) in the cement manufacturing business has attracted attention due to environmental and financial concerns. In this paper, four commonly used AFs are discussed, which are waste tires, municipal solid waste, meat and bone meal, and sewage sludge. It is found that each AF has a unique calorific value and properties, attributed to its source, treatment, and technology. Furthermore, the availability of AF is important as the amount varies depending on the location. In addition, their effects on gaseous emissions from the cement plant and the quality of clinker are found to be inconsistent. Thus, there will not be a single best type of AF option to be used in the cement industry. A good AF should be able to provide sufficient thermal energy while reducing the environmental impacts and costs. A careful analysis and multicriteria decision-making approach are always vital when employing AFs in order to prevent environmental problems, cost increases, as well as clinker quality degradation.
... It is increasingly perceived as a suitable option for MSWM in India as it isif correctly appliedenvironment-friendly and resource efficient (44) . RDF became an interesting alternative to solve both Global warming and MSWM problems and it's benefits will not only improve the world environmental quality but will also reduce the local economical loss (47) . By doing so the problem with solid waste management get reduces and RDF can be substituted for coal in boilers (39) . ...
... By doing so the problem with solid waste management get reduces and RDF can be substituted for coal in boilers (39) . However, due to high moisture content present in MSW, which indirectly results in low calorific value and high ash content, it is essential for raw MSW to be segregated and bring into Refuse derived fuel (47) . For instance, refuse-derived fuels 27 can be produced from transformation of municipal solid waste, which is forecasted to reach 2.6 billion metric tonnes in 2030 (45) . ...
... Furthermore, a reduction of NOx emissions causes a decrease of the impact on acidification and eutrophication (62) . Also the outcomes derived from a study made by Cherubini (2009) (2019), showed that cocombustion of RDF performs better than the other strategies for all the impacts categories evaluated, while the only exception is when the WTE plant operates in combined heat and power mode, with very overall conversion efficiencies (47,58,62) . ...
In this work, the collection of RDF waste and their characterization has been carried out for the generation of electricity. The study was therefore initiated with the collection of the waste from RDF Creative Site situated at Pirana, Ahmedabad. The RDF samples collected were then further segregated into different other waste samples based on their respective characteristics. From the segregated waste, physical analysis (bulk density), proximate analysis (moisture content, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon), ultimate analysis (nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine with the exception of C, O and H) and thermal analysis (GCV) of the RDF were studied to assess their potential use as an energy efficient material. Results shows that the bulk density was less than 1 kg cm-3 , moisture were less than 11% with the exception of sample. Other constitutes of inert materials, ash content varied from 10.50 to 23.24%, whilst volatile matter had mean value of 70.73% and fixed carbon which is by subtraction ranged from 0.25 to 10.41%. On the other hand, nitrogen, sulfur and chlorine ranged from 0.69 to 0.81%, 0.07 to 0.11% and 0.73 to 1.47% respectively. The gross calorific value ranged from 3334.04 to 6373.30kcal/kg. RDF quality depends on its high calorific value and low concentration of toxic chemicals. Thus, In the light of all the results, RDF was suggested to be a potential fuel for energy applications and can be further used for generation of electricity and to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels.It is increasingly perceived as a suitable option for municipal solid waste management in India as it is if correctly applies – environment friendly and resource efficient.
... Compared to other biomass conversion technologies, such as pyrolysis and gasification, RDF technology requires a substantial investment, which often limits its utilization in waste management (Anasstasia et al., 2020). However, RDF products demonstrate an expense advantage relative to rice husks and satisfy the required minimum calorific value criteria, obtaining technical recognition (Paramita et al., 2018). This economic aspect must be analyzed further to clarify the required investment and economic value associated with FW utilization. ...
Domestic waste is dominated by food waste (FW) in Indonesia. Indonesia has committed to advancing FW management based on The National Strategy Policy Guidelines (Presidential Regulation 97/2017), aiming for a 30% reduction and 70% waste handling by 2025. However, the current FW regulations and treatments are insufficient to reach these targets. This paper aims to quantify the potential FW generation and provide integrated government regulation and technical recommendations on the current technology to enhance the applicability of FW treatment in Indonesia. The proposed treatment technology is discussed within the context of technical, economic, and environmental concerns. The current practical FW treatments include composting and landfill, with landfill having the highest environmental impact. Black soldier flies and thermal treatments are new technologies considered promising by Indonesia’s Waste to Energy regulations. However, FW treatment technical considerations are expected to developing on different scales. Therefore, the environmental impact of current treatments must be considered. It is crucial to analyze specific FW treatment recommendations in terms of product and residuals to improve environmental impact assessment quality.
... In terms of drying time, pyrolysis is more effective than the natural drying method. Pyrolysis generated lower water content compared to natural drying; however, both met the RDF criteria for water content, which is less than 20% [38]. The organic matter content of natural drying RDF was higher than that of pyrolysis RDF, which was 77.85% and 56.98%, respectively. ...
... The moisture value of PET and LDPE plastic pallets is 0.4%. Therefore, the quality of plastic pellets is comparable with the RDF standard has a maximum moisture value of 25% [22]. ...
... It is measured that the calorific value of LDPE pellets is 43.52 mJ/kg, while the calorific value of PET pellets is 27.26 mJ/kg. The minimum standard calorific value of RDF is 13 mJ/kg [22]. Thus these pellets from plastic waste have better calorific value than required. ...
Waste from plastic products can be considered complex materials, making recycling a challenge. PET and LDPE are common type of plastic that is easily found in garbage pile. This research was conducted to study the potential of plastic waste conversion into solid fuel to reduce the accumulation of this waste in the environment. The conversion method is to use an extruder. An economic analysis was performed to measure the feasibility of this recycling method. PET and LDPE plastic waste were recycled into pellets using simple heated-extruder equipment after being shredded into small flakes. The extruder temperature was varied at 120OC, 130OC, 140OC, 150OC, 160OC, and 180OC. The optimum temperature for LDPE pellets is 120OC, and PET pellets is 130OC. The highest density LDPE pellets is 966.7 kg/m³, and PET pellets is 1320 kg/m³. The highest compressive strength LDPE pellets is 1041.1 kg/m², and PET pellets is 615.2 kg/m². The calorific value of the recycled LDPE and PET pellets is 43.52 mJ/kg and 27.26 mJ/kg, respectively. The moisture value in each plastic pellet did not change significantly by temperature difference. Meanwhile, the economic feasibility analysis shows an NPV of Rp4,394,049,079; IRR of 25.18%; B/CR of 1.465; and PP of 5.95 years.
