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– Questioning Headlines Using a question as a headline creates the impression that the claim is credible, though it may not be true.
Source publication
Widespread adoption of internet technologies has changed the way that news is created and consumed. The current online news environment is one that incentivizes speed and spectacle in reporting, at the cost of fact-checking and verification. The line between user generated content and traditional news has also become increasingly blurred. This post...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... fact (Silverman, 2015 p.8). Two examples of this are headline/body dissonance and "questioning" headlines. The first refers to the use of headlines that introduce an unverified story as if it were fact (see Fig. 1), while the second refers to headlines phrased as a question to lend credence to an extraordinary or unsubstantiated claim (see Fig. 2). Since 55% of readers who click on an article link don't end up reading the actual article (Haile, 2014), these sorts of headlines can be considered misleading "clickbait" 1 and play a significant role in spreading misinformation online (for further discussion of fake news, see ...
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Citations
... expertise, to help facilitate their evaluation (Michael & Sanson, 2021;Petty & Cacioppo, 1986;Susmann et al., 2021). However, the atomization and decontextualization of information allowed by online social media (where text snippets or video excerpts are often mass-shared with little context) makes this task progressively difficult (Berghel, 2018;Y. Chen et al., 2015). Thus, in the absence of clear contextual information, what drives our beliefs of reality? ...
... ). entendido como uma estratégia para atrair leitores, especialmente no jornalismo divulgado em websites, através de links mediante estratégias pautadas no sensacionalismo, títulos cativantes e imagens(Blom & Hansen, 2015;Chen et al., 2015).O fenómeno está inserido na teoria da "economia da atenção", entendida como uma luta entre os produtores de conteúdos para obter lucros com as informações divulgadas. Esta é uma técnica cada vez mais utilizada pelos jornalistas, especialmente profissionais dedicados ao desporto. ...
The article is about the differences in journalism consumption between millennials and Generation Z.
... However, since many headlines are not read within the context of a newspaper anymore, the function of the headline has shifted. The headline, being one of the primary ways to attract the readers' attention, should above all make the reader curious as to what the article is about so that it lures the reader into opening the article (Chen et al., 2015). Headlines that provide content-based information, are mostly used to grab the attention of the audience. ...
The purpose of the study is to find out the actual numbers or ratio of clickbait headlines used by specific Bangladeshi media, the reason behind the rise of clickbait headlines in the era of social media, and to disclose the perception of media personnel regarding clickbait headlines and their effect on audiences’ credibility. The qualitative method of research has been followed for the research. Content of four top-ranked media of Bangladesh have been analyzed and 12 media personnel from these media outlets have been interviewed. The study revealed a huge presence of clickbait components in each media’s content. Factors like getting more clicks to generate money, competition, and audience demand have been identified behind the rise of clickbait headlines in recent times. Media personnel have acknowledged that clickbait headlines have some negative effects on various dimensions, of which, losing audience credibility is notable. Keywords: clickbait, social media, competition, credibility, Facebook
... Traditional media platforms have also been known to present unverified data/information to the public without fully understanding its implications. Nevertheless, with the expansion of the internet, a substantial number of clients have swapped from old-style media to online platforms [1]. Posting, commenting, tagging, sharing, and reposting on trending news on social media networks has become a habit of most internet users, without verifying the authenticity of the information. ...
Digital media has brought about a revolution in communication and information sharing. However, the rise of fake news in the digital age is of major concern. Fake messages, images, news, videos, and different kinds of disinformation are extensively distributed on variety of digital platforms. Deceptive information has always been a persistent issue on the social media platforms, the blowout of fake news on social media now presents a grave threat to all. The impact of fake news can be observed in many areas, including political polarization, bias, and the functioning of social media. The direct and indirect effects of fake news can also be seen in radical divergence and social unrest. This paper is my contribution towards highlighting the rise of fake news and its impact on the individuals.
... Social media platforms have been widely used for the amalgamation of real information with false and manipulated data to reproduce it for personal benefit. According to Chen and colleagues (2015), the constructed restriction and limitation between mainstreaming news or information on social media and user-generated data has been beclouding (Chen, Conroy, & Rubin, 2015). Likewise, the understanding of premeditated streaming content exploitation seems to have declined among internet users, while dependability on unconfirmed and invalid information remains at a high level (Rubin, 2017 Figure 1 below. ...
The phenomenon of debunking rumours and misinterpretations has been investigated in its general terms without considering celebrities’ emotions through linguistic expressions and speech acts. This research aimed to conduct a case study incorporating pragmastylistic analysis of BTS’ RM’s letter (2022) on Weverse to debunk BTS’ disbandment rumours and misinterpretations about BTSFESTA. The study also determined to scrutinize the types of speech acts used in order to clear certain propositions and assumptions. The study employed a qualitative research method to address the research questions. The theoretical framework was based on Speech Act theory (Austin, 1962) to analyse the speech acts in the letter under felicity conditions (Leech, 1962). The findings of the study suggested that Namjoon used simple and declarative statements performing hybrid speech acts such as expressive, commissive, directive, expositive, verdictive, etc. Mostly, the speech acts were inclined towards expositive and commissive expressions to clear certain ambiguities and make commitments to manage to do this in future as well. This study was methodologically significant for incorporating pragmastylistic analysis to study the language of celebrities’ debunking rumours on social media. The study recommended the future researchers to take both celebrities’ voices and pragmastylistic analysis together to reach various conclusions and novel findings.
... This click-and-consume objective further suggests that the functions of headlines in online news tend to shift. As studied by Chen et al. (2015), online headline news tends to function as a point of attraction for potential viewers. Due to the status of being a point of attraction, online news headlines require creativity that could alter the stylistic aspects of the source online news headlines for target markets. ...
Clickbait has been widely studied within the online news headline context; however, it is still understudied under the umbrella of transcreation. By employing the theory of transcreation by Gaballo (2012) and news headline tabloidization/clickbaiting presentation by Reinemann et al. (2012) on a corpus of online news headlines in a qualitative research design, we argued that news headline is transcreated for a clickbaiting purpose through the use particular linguistic features as the strategies. Those linguistic features are bombasting, referencing, and bamboozling. The first refers to the use of high-sounding or hyperbolic expressions, the second to popular references, and the last to multi-interpretable expressions. Each of the three transcreation strategies has what we call the degree of transferability. Through the degree of transferability, whether or not a translated online news headline might fall into the category of translation, transcreation, or in between could be revealed. The degrees of transferability might also reveal how bombasting, referencing, and bamboozling influence the categorization. The findings of the study could be employed as a guideline for news translation scholars and practitioners in reviewing and assessing the translation of online news headlines regarding the tendency of the tabloidization use in the clickbait context. Future studies could address the issues of the identities of news sites, news sites, and news readers as a parameter in assessing the quality of news headline translation or transcreation.
... Tık odaklı habercilik tarafından yönlendirilen yanlış haberlerin yayılması da başlı başına ayrı bir problemdir. Çünkü hem doğrulanmamış söylentilerin yayılması hem de gerçeklerin manipülasyonu gazetecilik bütünlüğü kavramına zarar vermektedir (Chen, Conroy, & Rubin, 2015). Özetle tık odaklı habercilik çevrim içi haber yayıncıları arasında popüler hale gelmektedir ve bu da dijital haber ekosistemi üzerinde olumsuz bir etki yaratmaktadır (Rony, Hassan, & Yousuf, 2017a). ...
Gazeteciler haberlerini ilgi çekici kılmak ve geniş bir takipçi kitlesine ulaşmak için farklı iletişim yöntemlerine başvurmaktadır. Bunlardan biri olan tık odaklı habercilik okuyucuların ilgisini çekmek amaçlı olarak çeşitli tıklama tuzaklarının kullanıldığı ve buna ana akım medyanın dâhil olduğu bir çevrim içi habercilik yöntemidir. Bu araştırma, sitelerin popülerlik oranlarını değerlendiren Similarweb’e göre Türkiye’de en çok ziyaret edilen 100 internet sitesi içerisinde yer alan üç haber sitesindeki ekonomi haberlerinin tık odaklı habercilik çerçevesinde ve içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmesinden oluşmaktadır. İnceleme süresi sonunda toplam 485 ekonomi haberi tık tuzağı kategorileri çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmaya göre toplam ekonomi haberi içerisinde tık odaklı haberlerin yüzde 32,5’i tık odaklı olmayan haberlerin ise yüzde 67,4’ü oluşturduğu, bir başka ifadeyle yayınlanan her üç haberden birinin tık odaklı habercilik anlayışıyla hazırlandığı görülmüştür. Tık odaklı olan haber içeriklerine yapılan kullanıcı yorumları da tık odaklı habercilik özelliği taşımayan içeriklere yapılan yorumlara göre oldukça yüksektir. Haber sitelerinde en çok tercih edilen tıklama tuzağı ise “muğlak bırakma” (Ensonhaber yüzde 67, Haber7 yüzde 51, Sözcü yüzde 71) olarak görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak her üç sitede tıklama tuzaklı habercilik tekniklerinin uygulandığı göze çarpmaktadır. Bu durum haber sitelerinin daha fazla ziyaretçi kazanmak ve haberlere yapılan etkileşimleri artırmak gibi isteklerinden kaynaklanmaktadır.
... This type of headline is often ambiguous and exhibits a particular writing style to directly exploit human curiosity by, for instance, using exclamatory or interrogative headlines that urge audiences to click on the link to discover the missing information [8]. Typically, clickbait headlines are spread on social media in the form of short teaser messages that may read like the following cited examples: --Headline: ''La nueva vida de Iker Casillas tras su divorcio de Sara Carbonero: esto es lo que se ha comprado'' (The new life of Iker Casillas after his divorce from Sara Carbonero: this is what he bought himself) 1 --Headline: ''El fantástico hilo de Twitter que habla de "LA NUEVA SEPA" y que debería ser leído por todo aterrado tragacionista''(The fantastic Twitter thread that talks about "THE NEW STRAIN" and that should be read by all the terrified and gullible) 2 Existing methods for automatically detecting clickbait headlines exclusively focus on the headline (its writing style or structure) rather than considering the content of the news itself, so evidence is not required [9], [10]. Furthermore, this task is usually treated as a classification problem (clickbait/non-clickbait). • Misleading headlines: These headlines significantly misrepresent the findings reported in the news article, by exaggerating or distorting the facts described in the body text [6]. ...
... In addition, an annotation guideline was developed, explaining in detail the procedure to be followed to modify headlines and create ones that fit the type of contradiction in line with the definition of contradiction presented by [13]. This guideline is available at the following link from Zenodo 10 . ...
... 1) Manual modification of news headline: the aim of this task is to modify the headline so that it contradicts 9 Documentation available at https://www.crummy.com/software/ BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/ (accessed 1 February 2023) 10 https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/344923645 (accessed 1 February 2023) 6 VOLUME 11, 2023 This article has been accepted for publication in IEEE Access. ...
Misleading headlines are part of the disinformation problem. Headlines should give a concise summary of the news story helping the reader to decide whether to read the body text of the article, which is why headline accuracy is a crucial element of a news story. This work focuses on detecting misleading headlines through the automatic identification of contradiction between the headline and body text of a news item. When the contradiction is detected, the reader is alerted to the lack of precision or trustworthiness of the headline in relation to the body text. To facilitate the automatic detection of misleading headlines, a new Spanish dataset is created (ES_Headline_Contradiction) for the purpose of identifying contradictory information between a headline and its body text. This dataset annotates the semantic relationship between headlines and body text by categorising the relation between texts as
compatible
,
contradictory
and
unrelated
. Furthermore, another novel aspect of this dataset is that it distinguishes between different types of contradictions, thereby enabling a more fine-grain identification of them. The dataset was built via a novel semi-automatic methodology, which resulted in a more cost-efficient development process. The results of the experiments show that pre-trained language models can be fine-tuned with this dataset, producing very encouraging results for detecting incongruency or non-relation between headline and body text.
... Second, since titles are designed to contain the most essential information (the gist) related to the content and encapsulate the most important keywords that are integral to disclosing the content of the text (Soler, 2007), their language tends to contain indicative descriptive linguistic environment, which is integral to this study. Third, seeing that titles are often formulated so as to attract the readers' attention (Chen et al., 2015;Ellis, 2001;Saxena, 2006), they tend to build on impactful constructions and patterns that can be analysed to detect the underlying attitudes attributed to buzzwords by the authors compiling the titles. ...
... Conroy et al. (2015) have asserted that crossover approaches that join dialectal signal and ML with network-based social information can be used to evaluate the veracity of an assertion. Chen et al. (2015b) in another work asserted that there is a requirement of a computerized assistive tool to help content inventors as well as clients in gauging the trustworthiness of online newscasts. Zhao et al. (2015) designed a rumour detection approach based on a detector that searches for the enquiry patterns or signal tweets, clustering together of related posts and ranking of those clusters based on statistical features of truly containing a disputed authentic claim. ...
Purpose
Owing to the increased accessibility of internet and related technologies, more and more individuals across the globe now turn to social media for their daily dose of news rather than traditional news outlets. With the global nature of social media and hardly any checks in place on posting of content, exponential increase in spread of fake news is easy. Businesses propagate fake news to improve their economic standing and influencing consumers and demand, and individuals spread fake news for personal gains like popularity and life goals. The content of fake news is diverse in terms of topics, styles and media platforms, and fake news attempts to distort truth with diverse linguistic styles while simultaneously mocking true news. All these factors together make fake news detection an arduous task. This work tried to check the spread of disinformation on Twitter.
Design/methodology/approach
This study carries out fake news detection using user characteristics and tweet textual content as features. For categorizing user characteristics, this study uses the XGBoost algorithm. To classify the tweet text, this study uses various natural language processing techniques to pre-process the tweets and then apply a hybrid convolutional neural network–recurrent neural network (CNN-RNN) and state-of-the-art Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) transformer.
Findings
This study uses a combination of machine learning and deep learning approaches for fake news detection, namely, XGBoost, hybrid CNN-RNN and BERT. The models have also been evaluated and compared with various baseline models to show that this approach effectively tackles this problem.
Originality/value
This study proposes a novel framework that exploits news content and social contexts to learn useful representations for predicting fake news. This model is based on a transformer architecture, which facilitates representation learning from fake news data and helps detect fake news easily. This study also carries out an investigative study on the relative importance of content and social context features for the task of detecting false news and whether absence of one of these categories of features hampers the effectiveness of the resultant system. This investigation can go a long way in aiding further research on the subject and for fake news detection in the presence of extremely noisy or unusable data.
