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Quantities of breeder, foundation and commercial seed of rice produced by the Emergency Rice Initiative Project in Ghana, 2009-2010.

Quantities of breeder, foundation and commercial seed of rice produced by the Emergency Rice Initiative Project in Ghana, 2009-2010.

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Article
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A two-year emergency rice (Oryza sativa L.) initiative was launched in 2009 in response to the global rice crises in 2008. The objective of this initiative in Ghana was to increase rice productivity in order to improve food security. Project activities included planning sessions, demonstrations, training courses and community seed production. The p...

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... the two years of the project, the CSIR-SARI provided technical advice on seed production and also made significant positive impact on the availability of breeder, foundation and certified seed of improved rice varieties for the project (Table 1). In addition, the project improved access to 278.3 Mt of certified seed and 3,221 bags (1 bag weighs 50 kg) of quality fertilizer for 12,635 farmers (of which 4,093 were women) while expanding knowledge of current rice production technologies and best practices (Table 2). ...

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... Farmers who have access to the NERICA seeds are in a better position to adopt than those who are exposed. Indeed a study by Buah et al. (2011) has shown that access to seeds of improved rice varieties, stimulate adoption. The production and distribution of seeds of the NERICA varieties under the MNRDP was therefore considered by this study as an important impact channel. ...
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... According to FAO (2000), over 50% of the global population relies on the crop for about 80% of their food needs. Nevertheless, local rice consumption in Africa is substantially higher than domestic production, necessitating increased imports that use consumes lot of the nation's limited foreign currency (Buah et al., 2011). Local African production has been unable to keep up with the rate of demand growth. ...
... Local African production has been unable to keep up with the rate of demand growth. The amount of rice produced in Africa within the last 50 years has increased from roughly 3.14 million metric tonnes to 14.60 million tonnes, with greater part of the increase in output coming from an expansion in the area planted with the crop rather than from an increase in yields (Buah et al., 2011). Sub-Saharan Africa continues to produce and consume a significant amount of rice. ...
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... The quality of human resources can be improved by introducing entrepreneurial traits to farmers in livestock farming (Aeni, Wahyuni, Onasis, Awaluddin, & Siraj, 2020). This is because farming activities also include processing, packaging, distribution, and marketing activities at competitive prices (Buah et al., 2011). Farmers need to have a level of creativity, an ability to see opportunities, and the courage to try new things. ...
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... The adoption of improved technologies among smallholder farmers has been studied extensively in SSA, using theories of innovation diffusion (Adesina and Baidu-Forson, 1995;Caswell et al., 2001;Adeogun et al., 2010;Buah et al., 2011), induced innovation theories (Doss and Morris, 2001;Adeogun et al., 2010;Atilaw et al., 2016;Ainissyifa et al., 2018), and the theory of failed-market induced behavior (Amadu et al., 2020;Teye and Quarshie, 2021). To the best of our knowledge, these three theories were used in isolation from each other except for Amadu et al. (2020). ...
... Induced innovation is when technological change is directed towards saving more of the scarce or more expensive production input factors per unit of output at constant prices (Just et al., 1979;Ruttan and Hayami, 1984). Research has expanded the theory to capture broad themes of how resource endowment of end-users (ibid), particularly gender differentials in resource access (Doss, 2013), end-users age (Adesina and Baidu-Forson, 1995;Adeogun et al., 2010), adoptors' level of education (Caswell et al., 2001;Buah et al., 2011), cascading with failed-market characteristics such as the high transactional cost, absence of capital and labor, influences improved technologies adoption rate (De Janvry and Sadoulet, 2006;Amadu et al., 2020). These theories have been used extensively to understand determinants of technology adoption among SSA rural farmers (e.g., Adesina and Baidu-Forson, 1995;Adeogun et al., 2010;Atilaw et al., 2016) (see Figure 1). ...
... For instance, SSA smallholders are a diverse and heterogeneous group (Gassner et al., 2019) scattered across different agroecological zones and farming systems (Garrity et al., 2017), each with different incentives, resources and aspirations to adopt improved technologies (Mausch et al., 2018;Gassner et al., 2019). Some of the factors that constraints smallholders' effort to adopt improved technologies are; financial constraints [Atilaw et al., 2016; Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), 2018], farmers' age (Adesina and Baidu-Forson, 1995;Adeogun et al., 2010), and farmers' education level (Caswell et al., 2001;Buah et al., 2011). Answering the question of farmers' gender being a determinant of technology adoption in SSA, some argued that "technology adoption decisions depend primarily on access to resources, rather than on gender per se" (Doss and Morris, 2001, p.39). ...
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... The adoption of improved technologies among smallholder farmers has been studied extensively in SSA, using theories of innovation diffusion (Adesina and Baidu-Forson, 1995;Caswell et al., 2001;Adeogun et al., 2010;Buah et al., 2011), induced innovation theories (Doss and Morris, 2001;Adeogun et al., 2010;Atilaw et al., 2016;Ainissyifa et al., 2018), and the theory of failed-market induced behavior (Amadu et al., 2020;Teye and Quarshie, 2021). To the best of our knowledge, these three theories were used in isolation from each other except for Amadu et al. (2020). ...
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... Previous research conducted in SSA to understand determinants of improved technologies adoption, particularly, seeds of HYVs focused on factors constraining HYSV adoption at the farmer level [e.g., Adesina and Baidu-Forson, 1995;Caswell et al., 2001;Doss and Morris, 2001;Adeogun et al., 2010;Buah et al., 2011;Atilaw et al., 2016;Ainissyifa et al., 2018; Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), 2018]. For instance, socio-economic issues such as financial and land resource constraints affect the adoption of HYVs among smallholders. ...
... For instance, socio-economic issues such as financial and land resource constraints affect the adoption of HYVs among smallholders. Furthermore, agroecological complexities (Baidu-Forson, 1999;Atilaw et al., 2016;Ainissyifa et al., 2018), farmer demographic characteristics such as smallholders' age (Adesina and Baidu-Forson, 1995;Adeogun et al., 2010), farmers' level of education (Caswell et al., 2001;Buah et al., 2011), smallholders' gender (Doss and Morris, 2001;Doss, 2013), sociocultural settings and prevailing farm practices (Nyantakyi-Frimpong and Kerr, 2015;Vercillo et al., 2015;Kansanga et al., 2019), and more recently, the enduring intensification dilemma to adopt or not to adopt among smallholder farmers (Quarshie and Abdulai, 2021) have been determined as a significant determinant of improved seeds adoption in SSA. In contrast, minimal attention is given to the potential of seed value chain constraints that affect improved seeds' adoption rate (Langyintuo et al., 2010). ...
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The study aims to deepen understanding of how Early Generation Seeds value chain constraints impede commercialization and adoption of High Yielding Varieties (HYV) or improved Maize seeds by smallholders in Ghana within the broader strategies of a “Green Revolution for Africa”. Using qualitative and quantitative information obtained through one-on-one interviews with 15 key informants, a household survey from 110 smallholder farmers and document reviews, we discuss constraints and bottlenecks engendered by value chain structures, processes and mechanisms in Ghana's formal seed distribution system. Seven main challenges were identified that undermine trust and hinder the expansion of HYVs: (1) the limited capacity of public institutions, (2) constrained capacity of the emerging private sector, (3) a lack of well-defined, fair and enforceable contracts between stakeholders in the delivery system, (4) land-tenure limitations, (5) poor forecasting of farmers' demands for seeds by research institutions and seed producers, (6) sparse marketing arrangements for improved maize seeds, and (7) concentration of power to control seed supply in the hands of few institutions. We argue these seven issues weaken power asymmetry within the maize seed value chain's governance mechanism to create nodal points that give prominence to key public institutions, NGOs, and research institutions who control the production and distribution of improved seeds. Ultimately, trust among actors and its value chain outputs is undermined, negatively affecting the commercialization, availability, and adoption of improved seeds. Moving forward, upgrading the maize seed value chain must be pursued through targeted public and private sector relationships that acknowledge diverse actors' critical roles in the value chain.
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This paper assesses the impact of access to credit from rural and community banks (RCBs) on the technical efficiency of smallholder cassava farmers in Ghana. The study employed the stochastic frontier, and endogenous switching regression models to estimate the technical efficiency, and the impact of RCB credit access, respectively, on a randomly selected sample of 300 smallholder cassava farmers in the Fanteakwa District of Ghana. Results suggest that cassava farmers in the District are 70.5 percent technically efficient implying that cassava yield levels could be increased further by 29.5 percent without changing the current levels of inputs. The results further reveal that the gender of the household head, access to extension services, membership in farmer organizations, and proximity to the bank are the major factors that positively influence farmers to access credit from RCBs. On average, farmers who accessed credit from RCBs have significantly higher technical efficiencies than farmers who did not access, suggesting that access to credit from RCBs positively impacts the technical efficiency of smallholder cassava farmers.
... This is the reason why water productivity is highly essential for the smallholder rice farmers to ensure sustainable rice production in the Upper West Region of Ghana. Upper West Region is in the northern savanna zone which experiences hot, dry and wet situations (Buah et al., 2011). Furthermore, the region is characterized by short precipitation period between April and October and the rest of the year is dry. ...
... Ghana has good agricultural soils especially in the south and middle sector of the country which has aided in the production of rice and other crops (MOFA, 2009). But the type of soil in the Savannah zone (northern parts of Ghana) is savannah Ochrosols which does not drain well and characterized with low fertility (Buah et al., 2011). ...
Chapter
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Water productivity remains a challenge in the Upper West Region (UWR) and Ghana as a whole. Population growth and change in lifestyle of most Ghanaians, especially the city dwellers, have increased the demand for cereal foods like rice and maize. Rice production requires significant water resources. Low productivity is widespread in the production of rice and this has accentuated Ghana’s need to import this staple crop. Rice is traded internationally in the United States Dollar, and so the importation of rice to meet the nation’s rice appetite has contributed to the weakening of the Ghanaian Cedi over the years, affecting the entire economy. That is the economic context in which this study explores the complex story of Ghanaians’ relationship to rice and how rice industry stakeholders, in particular, smallholder rice growers in the UWR and beyond, see their future, a future imperilled by global climate change. What is the country to do to shape a sustainable and doable rice industry? In this regard, this study aims to identify ways of improving water productivity within the sector to lift crop production and improve farmer livelihoods and reduce the country’s reliance on imported rice. Water resources identified in this study included rainfall, rivers, dams and dugouts. The results indicated that Ghana has abundant water resources that need to be utilized in a manner that will reduce wastage. The findings also revealed that rice production in the UWR and Ghana generally is not well organized. Supplemental irrigation (SI) was observed to be a highly efficient water use practice which, if more broadly adopted, could improve water productivity in the UWR since farmers in the region rely heavily on inefficient rainfed agriculture. This study therefore recommends SI to steer agriculture towards a more sustainable future, ultimately improving rural livelihoods and communities.
... Adding to this, the majority of farmers living in rural areas of developing countries are constrained in their ability to access up-to-date technologies and new knowledge Buah et al., 2011). In this context, the weak institutional system of a developing country prevents potentially available technologies from advancing from global availability to actual implementation. ...
... Extension officers play a role as 'technological gatekeepers', absorbing external knowledge and sharing information with farmers. These services have received relatively little attention in the literature to date (Agwu et al., 2008;Eicher, 2007;Tandi, Lwoga et al., 2011;Buah et al., 2011;Sulaiman & Hall, 2002). ...
Thesis
Sustainable agriculture development is realized through the local Agriculture Innovation System(AIS) of the country. Actors of the agriculture innovation system interacting with each other in technology generation, processing, dissemination, and utilization process to sustain the progress of the development process. AIS of the developing countries are in a disadvantageous position in generating and learning innovation. This study analyses the contributions of the individual elements to the performances of the AIS in context to Sri Lanka. First, the study analyzes the determinants of R&D institutes’ innovative and knowledge sharing performance. Secondly, the study analyses the ACAP of individual extension officers and determinants impacting their performances. Finally, farmers’ knowledge sharing process and technology adoption behaviors are analyzed. Therefore, this study consists of five related but independent studies based on local AIS in Sri Lanka. First, the study reveals that the ACAP of R&D institutes is primarily shaped by system and coordination capabilities, and to a lesser extent by socialization capabilities. Furthermore, coordination capabilities impact to a greater degree for organizations’ potential ACAP and system capabilities for realized ACAP. The empirical results based on network perspectives show that institutes with higher organizational ACAP and scientific publications hold more prominent network positions. Further, those institutes more frequently acquire external knowledge from publications and professional conferences empowering to achieve higher levels of innovation performance. The second study focuses on the Agricultural extension services and diffusion of knowledge and examines the extent to which AIs’ capabilities to identify, assimilate, utilize, and share knowledge are shaped by their motivations, abilities, and opportunities (MOA). The study Interviews 72 AIs in the Southern province of Sri Lanka. The empirical findings show that AIs’ abilities and opportunities contribute to the development of four dimensions of individual ACAP. In contrast, motivation does not seem to be of relevance in this context. Finally, this study explores the access and use of agricultural knowledge and information by paddy farmers in the Hambantota district in Sri Lanka. The study found that formal information-sharing processes are dominant among paddy farmers and farmers receive and share information more frequently and formally with the AIs. AIs are perceived as the most trusted and most accessible information sources by the farmers. Further, the farmer’s age and farming experience show a positive relationship with the adoption of new technologies, while technology adoption behavior is not significantly affected by the social and demographic factors of farming communities. Furthermore, the empirical results show that only 40 to 60 percent of farmers are actually inclined to adopt new agricultural technologies. Technological constraints are shown to be the most dominant adoption barriers for paddy farmers. Therefore, this study recommends to overcome technological barriers to upgrade adoption of agricultural technologies. Finally, this study recommended to initiate more collaborative activities to enhance the knowledge generation and diffusion in AIS in Sri Lanka. Moreover, the formal knowledge-sharing process through AIs is recommended to enhance the productivity of the extension service in Sri Lanka. At last, private-public partnerships in research and extension services are recommended to uplifting the efficiency of the agricultural innovation system in Sri Lanka. Keywords: Absorptive capacity, Agriculture innovation system, Extension service, Farmers adoption, technology adoption.